Aspect: aspect
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.
In Russian, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.
Imp: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- печь “to bake” (Imp); пёк хлеб “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Russian morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- испечь “to bake” (Perf); испёк хлеб “he baked / has baked a bread”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
9311 tokens (9%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
4837 types (16%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
2105 lemmas (11%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (8692; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (619; 1% instances).
VERB
8692 ru-pos/VERB tokens (99% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (7745; 89%), Animacy=EMPTY (6626; 76%), Case=EMPTY (6626; 76%), Voice=EMPTY (6626; 76%), Person=EMPTY (6552; 75%), Number=Sing (5569; 64%), VerbForm=Fin (5471; 63%), Mood=Ind (5437; 63%), Tense=Past (4992; 57%), Gender=EMPTY (4682; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(4580; 53% of non-emptyAspect): был, является, было, составляет, были, может, находится, входит, была, имеетPerf(4112; 47% of non-emptyAspect): стал, получил, родился, начал, стала, окончил, род., назначен, вышел, получилаEMPTY(88): можно, надо, нужно, необходимо, известно, трудно, возможно, достаточно, интересно, принято
| Paradigm РАСПОЛОЖИТЬ | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev | расположены | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенный | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенную | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенного | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенной | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенных | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенными | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенном | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенных | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev | расположен | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенный | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev | расположена | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенная | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev | расположено | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | расположенное | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Variant=Brev | расположено | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev | расположены | расположены |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | расположенные |
Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 98% lemmas (2064) occur only with one value of Aspect.
AUX
619 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Mood=Ind (576; 93%), VerbForm=Fin (576; 93%), Tense=Past (543; 88%), Number=Sing (469; 76%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(619; 100% of non-emptyAspect): был, была, было, были, быть, будет, будут, будучи, Be, DonEMPTY(1): Has
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (682; 78%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (277; 66%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (196; 68%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (99; 52%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (14; 64%),
VERB –[discourse]–> VERB (4; 67%),
VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (4; 57%),
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (3; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.
128462 tokens (12%) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
33415 types (29%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
6036 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (120446; 11% instances), ru-pos/AUX (8016; 1% instances).
VERB
120446 ru-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (107866; 90%), Gender=EMPTY (83721; 70%), Voice=Act (83351; 69%), Person=EMPTY (81573; 68%), VerbForm=Fin (76080; 63%), Mood=Ind (75091; 62%), Number=Sing (61627; 51%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(68093; 57% of non-emptyAspect): может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, быть, говорит, стоит, идетPerf(52353; 43% of non-emptyAspect): стал, сказал, стало, стали, сделать, сказать, заявил, получить, удалось, статьEMPTY(24): не
| Paradigm мочь | Imp | Perf |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущую | |
| Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущих | |
| Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущее | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | могущие | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | мог | смог |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могла | смогла |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могло | смогло |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | смогу | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | могу | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможешь | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можешь | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможет | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | может | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | сможете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | можете | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | смогут | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | могут | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | могли | смогли |
AUX
8016 ru-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (7306; 91%), VerbForm=Fin (7256; 91%), Mood=Ind (7230; 90%), Person=EMPTY (5979; 75%), Number=Sing (5407; 67%), Tense=Past (5224; 65%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:
Imp(8016; 100% of non-emptyAspect): было, был, были, будет, была, быть, будут, есть, будем, буду
Relations with Agreement in Aspect
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (11950; 80%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (6160; 62%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (2349; 59%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (1018; 60%),
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (902; 100%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (141; 60%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (102; 56%),
VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (34; 55%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (29; 100%),
VERB –[mwe]–> VERB (12; 92%).
Aspect in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]