Tense: tense
Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance.
Past: past tense
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. Past tense in Czech consists of the past participle (also called active participle or l-participle), which is accompanied by a present auxiliary verb in the first and second persons, and stands alone in the third person.
The auxiliary (if any) is in its present form, so it will have Tense=Pres.
The participle has Tense=Past, even though it can also be used to form present conditional.
Examples
- Я ушёл домой. “I have gone home.”
- Ты ушёл домой. “You have gone home.”
- Он ушёл домой. “He has gone home.”
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Note that morphologically present forms of perfective verbs have actually a future meaning
but they will still be marked Tense=Pres.
Examples
- Прихожу домой. “I come / am coming home.” (Přicházet is an imperfective verb.)
- Приду домой. “I will come home.” (Přijít is a perfective verb.)
- Иду домой. “I go / am going home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb.)
Fut: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. Future tense in Russian is formed in one of three ways, depending of the verb:
- Present forms of perfective verbs have future meaning. These forms are tagged
Tense=Pres, notTense=Fut(see above). - The verb быть “to be” has a set of distinct future forms. They combine a future stem буд with present suffixes.
A small set of verbs (mostly motion verbs) have also future forms. These are formed as the present form (present stem and suffix)
with the prefix по-.
Although these forms are morphologically very close to the present forms, they are tagged
Tense=Futbecause the same lemma has also present forms and the feature must distinguish the two. - The remaining imperfective verbs have periphrastic future forms, consiting of the future form of the auxiliary быть,
and the infinitive of the content verb. Only the auxiliary will have
Tense=Fut, while there will be no tense information at the infinitive.
Examples
- Пойду домой. “I will go home.” (Jít is an imperfective verb, phonological rule transformed the prefix po- to pů-.)
- Буду идти домой. “I will be coming home.” (Идти is an imperfective verb and it forms future periphrastically.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
8099 tokens (8%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
4034 types (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
1835 lemmas (10%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (7520; 8% instances), ru-pos/AUX (579; 1% instances).
VERB
7520 ru-pos/VERB tokens (86% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (6573; 87%), Number=Sing (5551; 74%), Voice=EMPTY (5454; 73%), Case=EMPTY (5454; 73%), Animacy=EMPTY (5454; 73%), Mood=Ind (5437; 72%), VerbForm=Fin (5437; 72%), Person=EMPTY (5414; 72%), Aspect=Imp (3976; 53%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(94; 1% of non-emptyTense): будет, сможет, поможет, станет, станут, выйдет, начнутся, останется, рассмотрим, смогутPast(4992; 66% of non-emptyTense): был, было, стал, были, получил, родился, была, начал, работал, сталаPres(2434; 32% of non-emptyTense): является, составляет, может, находится, входит, имеет, есть, занимает, могут, являютсяEMPTY(1260): можно, быть, включая, начиная, заниматься, играть, сделать, использовать, работать, стать
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшие | ||
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | ||
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | ||
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | ||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | есть, е. | будет | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | есть | ||
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были |
AUX
579 ru-pos/AUX tokens (93% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (578; 100%), Mood=Ind (577; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (577; 100%), Number=Sing (470; 81%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(32; 6% of non-emptyTense): будет, будутPast(543; 94% of non-emptyTense): был, была, было, были, бывшего, бывшимPres(4; 1% of non-emptyTense): Don, Has, est, reEMPTY(41): быть, будучи, Be
| Paradigm БЫТЬ | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшего | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | бывшим | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будет | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будут | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (723; 92%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> AUX (494; 95%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (219; 76%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (13; 62%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (5; 56%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (3; 60%),
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (3; 100%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
104237 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
28672 types (25%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
5565 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (96957; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7280; 1% instances).
VERB
96957 ru-pos/VERB tokens (80% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (84377; 87%), Voice=Act (82362; 85%), Mood=Ind (75091; 77%), VerbForm=Fin (75091; 77%), Number=Sing (61104; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (60232; 62%), Person=EMPTY (59073; 61%), Aspect=Imp (56464; 58%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(5570; 6% of non-emptyTense): станет, скажем, придется, сможет, смогут, удастся, окажется, пойдет, станут, позволитPast(51237; 53% of non-emptyTense): было, стал, сказал, стало, стали, мог, заявил, могли, удалось, сталаPres(40150; 41% of non-emptyTense): может, есть, нет, могут, является, говорит, стоит, идет, имеет, говорятEMPTY(23513): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, получить, говорить, работать, стать, иметь, жить
| Paradigm мочь | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | могущую | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущих | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | могущее | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | могущие | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | мог | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могла | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | могло | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | могу | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можешь | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | может | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | можем | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | можете | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | могут | ||
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | могли | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смог | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогла | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | смогло | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | смогу | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможешь | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | сможет | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | сможем | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | сможете | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | смогут | ||
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | смогли |
AUX
7280 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (7280; 100%), Voice=Act (7280; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (7230; 99%), Mood=Ind (7230; 99%), Number=Sing (5384; 74%), Person=EMPTY (5269; 72%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Past(5224; 72% of non-emptyTense): было, был, были, была, бывшие, бывший, бывшемPres(2056; 28% of non-emptyTense): будет, будут, есть, будем, буду, будучи, будете, будешь, сутьEMPTY(736): быть, будь, будьте
| Paradigm быть | Pres | Past |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывшем | |
| Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part | бывший | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part | бывшие | |
| Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | был | |
| Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | была | |
| Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Fin | было | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | буду, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будешь, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будет, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | будем | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | будете, есть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | будут, есть, суть | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Fin | были | |
| VerbForm=Trans | будучи |
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (10851; 85%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (2019; 51%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> AUX (1910; 72%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (103; 57%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (23; 100%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (3; 75%),
VERB –[iobj]–> VERB (2; 100%),
VERB –[name]–> VERB (1; 100%),
VERB –[auxpass]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Tense in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]