Voice: voice
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and pacient.
Act: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (pacient).
All finite verb forms and the active/past participles are tagged Voice=Act.
Examples
- мы нападали на врага. “We attacked the enemy”
Pass: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Only the passive participle is tagged Voice=Pass.
Examples
- Мы атакованы врагом. “We are attacked by
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
2068 tokens (2%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
1550 types (5%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
848 lemmas (5%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (2066; 2% instances), ru-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances).
VERB
2066 ru-pos/VERB tokens (24% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (2066; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (2066; 100%), Person=EMPTY (2065; 100%), Tense=Past (1660; 80%), Animacy=Inan (1625; 79%), Aspect=Perf (1561; 76%), Number=Sing (1423; 69%), Case=Nom (1370; 66%), Variant=EMPTY (1119; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(590; 29% of non-emptyVoice): вышедший, находящиеся, вышедшая, означающее, относящиеся, переходящий, погибших, составляющие, ставшие, существующихPass(1476; 71% of non-emptyVoice): назначен, расположен, основана, основан, расположена, награждён, создана, расположено, расположены, названEMPTY(6714): был, является, было, стал, составляет, были, может, находится, входит, получил
| Paradigm ПОЛУЧИТЬ | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | получившему | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Number=Plur | получивших | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | получивший | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Number=Plur | получившие | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | полученную | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | полученной | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Number=Plur | полученных | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | полученном | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | Полученный | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Variant=Brev | получена | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | Полученная | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Variant=Brev | получены |
Voice seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 95% lemmas (802) occur only with one value of Voice.
AUX
2 ru-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Part (2; 100%), Aspect=Imp (2; 100%), Gender=Masc (2; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (2; 100%), Number=Sing (2; 100%), Tense=Past (2; 100%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(2; 100% of non-emptyVoice): бывшего, бывшимEMPTY(618): был, была, было, были, быть, будет, будут, будучи, Be, Don
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[remnant]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
105276 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
29231 types (26%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
5595 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: ru-pos/VERB (97970; 9% instances), ru-pos/AUX (7306; 1% instances).
VERB
97970 ru-pos/VERB tokens (81% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: Case=EMPTY (85390; 87%), VerbForm=Fin (76080; 78%), Mood=Ind (75091; 77%), Number=Sing (61627; 63%), Gender=EMPTY (61245; 63%), Person=EMPTY (59097; 60%), Aspect=Imp (57013; 58%), Tense=Past (51237; 52%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(83375; 85% of non-emptyVoice): может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, стал, сказал, говорит, сталоPass(14595; 15% of non-emptyVoice): считается, говорится, связано, используется, связаны, используются, сделано, принято, связана, связанныхEMPTY(22500): быть, сделать, сказать, делать, получить, говорить, работать, стать, иметь, жить
| Paradigm говорить | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | говорившего | |
| Animacy=Anim|Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящих | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part | говорившую | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящего | |
| Aspect=Imp|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part | говорящий | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорил | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорила | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорило | говорилось |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev|VerbForm=Part | говорено | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | говори | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорю | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говоришь | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорит | говорится |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорим | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорите | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | говорят | |
| Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | говорили | |
| Aspect=Imp|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans | говоря | |
| Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | поговорил | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | Поговорите | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорю | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорит | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin | поговорим | |
| Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | поговорили | |
| Aspect=Perf|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Trans | поговорив |
AUX
7306 ru-pos/AUX tokens (91% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: Aspect=Imp (7306; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (7256; 99%), Mood=Ind (7230; 99%), Number=Sing (5407; 74%), Person=EMPTY (5269; 72%), Tense=Past (5224; 72%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(7306; 100% of non-emptyVoice): было, был, были, будет, была, будут, есть, будем, буду, будучиEMPTY(710): быть
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (11273; 88%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (6913; 71%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (3125; 79%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (577; 64%),
VERB –[acl]–> VERB (157; 67%),
VERB –[advmod]–> VERB (124; 69%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (24; 100%),
VERB –[acl:relcl]–> VERB (4; 100%),
VERB –[name]–> VERB (2; 100%),
VERB –[amod]–> VERB (2; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]