Universal Dependencies v1

Introduction to Universal Dependencies

• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Universal POS tags (single document)
  • Universal features (single document)
  • Language-specific features
  • Conversion from other tagsets
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Universal dependency relations (single document)
  • Language-specific relations
• CoNLL-U format

This is the online documentation for Universal Dependencies, version 1 (2014-10-01). Version 1 was replaced by version 2 on December 1, 2016.

UD Treebanks

Amharic - - ? -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Amharic POS tags (single document)
  • Amharic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Amharic relations (single document)

Ancient Greek 244K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Ancient_Greek POS tags (single document)
  • Ancient_Greek features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Ancient_Greek relations (single document)

Ancient Greek-PROIEL 206K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Ancient_Greek POS tags (single document)
  • Ancient_Greek features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Ancient_Greek relations (single document)

Arabic 242K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Arabic POS tags (single document)
  • Arabic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Arabic relations (single document)

Arabic-LDC - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Arabic POS tags (single document)
  • Arabic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Arabic relations (single document)

Basque 121K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Basque POS tags (single document)
  • Basque features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Basque relations (single document)

Bulgarian 156K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Bulgarian POS tags (single document)
  • Bulgarian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Bulgarian relations (single document)

Buryat 9K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Buryat POS tags (single document)
  • Buryat features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Buryat relations (single document)

Cantonese - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Cantonese POS tags (single document)
  • Cantonese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Cantonese relations (single document)

Catalan 530K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Catalan POS tags (single document)
  • Catalan features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Catalan relations (single document)

Chinese 123K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Chinese POS tags (single document)
  • Chinese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Chinese relations (single document)

Chinese-HK - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Chinese POS tags (single document)
  • Chinese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Chinese relations (single document)

Coptic 5K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Coptic POS tags (single document)
  • Coptic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Coptic relations (single document)

Croatian 139K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Croatian POS tags (single document)
  • Croatian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Croatian relations (single document)

Czech 1,503K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Czech POS tags (single document)
  • Czech features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Czech relations (single document)

Czech-CAC 493K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Czech POS tags (single document)
  • Czech features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Czech relations (single document)

Czech-CLTT 35K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Czech POS tags (single document)
  • Czech features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Czech relations (single document)

Danish 100K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Danish POS tags (single document)
  • Danish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Danish relations (single document)

Dutch 209K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Dutch POS tags (single document)
  • Dutch features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Dutch relations (single document)

Dutch-LassySmall 98K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Dutch POS tags (single document)
  • Dutch features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Dutch relations (single document)

English 248K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • English POS tags (single document)
  • English features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • English relations (single document)

English-ESL 97K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • English POS tags (single document)
  • English features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • English relations (single document)

English-LinES 82K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • English POS tags (single document)
  • English features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • English relations (single document)

Estonian 234K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Estonian POS tags (single document)
  • Estonian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Estonian relations (single document)

Faroese 132K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Faroese POS tags (single document)
  • Faroese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Faroese relations (single document)

Finnish 181K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Finnish POS tags (single document)
  • Finnish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Finnish relations (single document)

Finnish-FTB 159K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Finnish POS tags (single document)
  • Finnish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Finnish relations (single document)

French 391K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • French POS tags (single document)
  • French features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • French relations (single document)

Galician 138K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Galician POS tags (single document)
  • Galician features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Galician relations (single document)

Galician-TreeGal 24K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Galician POS tags (single document)
  • Galician features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Galician relations (single document)

German 293K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • German POS tags (single document)
  • German features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • German relations (single document)

Gothic 56K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Gothic POS tags (single document)
  • Gothic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Gothic relations (single document)

Greek 59K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Greek POS tags (single document)
  • Greek features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Greek relations (single document)

Hebrew 115K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Hebrew POS tags (single document)
  • Hebrew features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Hebrew relations (single document)

Hindi 351K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Hindi POS tags (single document)
  • Hindi features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Hindi relations (single document)

Hungarian 42K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Hungarian POS tags (single document)
  • Hungarian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Hungarian relations (single document)

Indonesian 121K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Indonesian POS tags (single document)
  • Indonesian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Indonesian relations (single document)

Irish 23K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Irish POS tags (single document)
  • Irish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Irish relations (single document)

Italian 272K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Italian POS tags (single document)
  • Italian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Italian relations (single document)

Japanese 92K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Japanese POS tags (single document)
  • Japanese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Japanese relations (single document)

Japanese-KTC 267K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Japanese POS tags (single document)
  • Japanese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Japanese relations (single document)

Kazakh 6K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Kazakh POS tags (single document)
  • Kazakh features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Kazakh relations (single document)

Korean - - - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Korean POS tags (single document)
  • Korean features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Korean relations (single document)

Kurmanji - - ?

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Kurmanji POS tags (single document)
  • Kurmanji features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Kurmanji relations (single document)

Latin 47K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Latin POS tags (single document)
  • Latin features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Latin relations (single document)

Latin-ITTB 291K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Latin POS tags (single document)
  • Latin features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Latin relations (single document)

Latin-PROIEL 165K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Latin POS tags (single document)
  • Latin features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Latin relations (single document)

Latvian 20K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Latvian POS tags (single document)
  • Latvian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Latvian relations (single document)

Norwegian 310K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Norwegian POS tags (single document)
  • Norwegian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Norwegian relations (single document)

Old Church Slavonic 57K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Old_Church_Slavonic POS tags (single document)
  • Old_Church_Slavonic features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Old_Church_Slavonic relations (single document)

Persian 151K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Persian POS tags (single document)
  • Persian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Persian relations (single document)

Polish 83K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Polish POS tags (single document)
  • Polish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Polish relations (single document)

Portuguese 209K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Portuguese POS tags (single document)
  • Portuguese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Portuguese relations (single document)

Portuguese-BR 298K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Portuguese POS tags (single document)
  • Portuguese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Portuguese relations (single document)

Portuguese-Bosque 227K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Portuguese POS tags (single document)
  • Portuguese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Portuguese relations (single document)

Romanian 218K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Romanian POS tags (single document)
  • Romanian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Romanian relations (single document)

Russian 99K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Russian POS tags (single document)
  • Russian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Russian relations (single document)

Russian-SynTagRus 1,066K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Russian POS tags (single document)
  • Russian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Russian relations (single document)

Sanskrit 1K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Sanskrit POS tags (single document)
  • Sanskrit features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Sanskrit relations (single document)

Serbian - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Serbian POS tags (single document)
  • Serbian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Serbian relations (single document)

Slovak 106K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Slovak POS tags (single document)
  • Slovak features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Slovak relations (single document)

Slovenian 140K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Slovenian POS tags (single document)
  • Slovenian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Slovenian relations (single document)

Slovenian-SST 29K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Slovenian POS tags (single document)
  • Slovenian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Slovenian relations (single document)

Somali - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Somali POS tags (single document)
  • Somali features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Somali relations (single document)

Sorani - - ?

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Sorani POS tags (single document)
  • Sorani features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Sorani relations (single document)

Spanish 423K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Spanish POS tags (single document)
  • Spanish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Spanish relations (single document)

Spanish-AnCora 547K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Spanish POS tags (single document)
  • Spanish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Spanish relations (single document)

Swedish 96K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Swedish POS tags (single document)
  • Swedish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Swedish relations (single document)

Swedish-LinES 79K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Swedish POS tags (single document)
  • Swedish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Swedish relations (single document)

Swedish Sign Language <1K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Swedish_Sign_Language POS tags (single document)
  • Swedish_Sign_Language features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Swedish_Sign_Language relations (single document)

Tamil 8K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Tamil POS tags (single document)
  • Tamil features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Tamil relations (single document)

Turkish 56K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Turkish POS tags (single document)
  • Turkish features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Turkish relations (single document)

Ukrainian 1K

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Ukrainian POS tags (single document)
  • Ukrainian features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Ukrainian relations (single document)

Urdu - -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Urdu POS tags (single document)
  • Urdu features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Urdu relations (single document)

Uyghur 6K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Uyghur POS tags (single document)
  • Uyghur features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Uyghur relations (single document)

Vietnamese 43K -

• Introduction
• Tokenization
• Morphology
  • General principles
  • Vietnamese POS tags (single document)
  • Vietnamese features (single document)
• Syntax
  • General principles
  • Specific constructions
  • Vietnamese relations (single document)

Disclaimer: Our use of flags to symbolise languages is only intended as a visual enhancement of the website and should not be interpreted as a political statement in any way.

Download

The data is released through LINDAT/CLARIN.

• Version 1.4 treebanks are available at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1827. 64 treebanks, 47 languages, released November 15, 2016.
• Version 1.3 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1699. 54 treebanks, 40 languages, released May 15, 2016.
• Version 1.2 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1548. 37 treebanks, 33 languages, released Nov 15, 2015.
• Version 1.1 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/LRT-1478. 19 treebanks, 18 languages, released May 15, 2015.
• Version 1.0 treebanks are archived at http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-1464. 10 treebanks, 10 languages, released Jan 15, 2015.
• In general, we intend to have regular treebank releases every six months. However, the next release will be brought forward to facilitate uses of Version 2.0 in one of the CoNLL 2017 Shared Tasks. The release will probably be in February 2017.

Query online

You can query the UD treebanks on-line using

• SETS treebank search maintained by the University of Turku, or
• PML Tree Query maintained by the Charles University in Prague.

Stay up to date

If you want to receive news about Universal Dependencies, you can subscribe to the UD mailing list.

New: A draft of UD v2 is now available.

Contribute to UD

If you want to add a new language/treebank, please read the instructions for adding a new language and encoding its metadata.

If you want to make a release of an existing treebank, please follow the steps in the release checklist and make sure your data shows as validating in the format validation runs. Check the content validation for any suspicious patterns in the data; there are direct links to our treebank search that you can use to browse the suspicious data points. Check that the list of contributors is correct; this is gathered from the metadata in the READMEs. General instructions for contributing to the online documentation can be found here.

Tools and additional documentation

There is a separate page about tools that are available for work with UD data.

Direct links to the experimental language family documentation:

• Slavic language family documentation
• Uralic language family documentation

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