Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a noun, in
contrast to the advcl relation which is used for adverbial clauses
that modify a predicate. The head of the acl relation is the noun
that is modified, and the dependent is the head of the clause that
modifies the noun.
We use acl for:
Verbal adjectives that modify nouns:
This relation may be tagged with acl:relcl in the future, as it is the way
in which Turkic languages do relative clauses.
Gerunds in genitive modifying a noun:
Fronted relative clauses with empty copula:
Conditional phrases with ‘болса’:
Secondary predication:
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
Adverbial clause modifiers (advcl) are subordinate clauses that
are not complements.
Note that unless there is a separate subject for the “subordinate” clause, the subject will be the same as for the main clause, but is not directly connected.
advmod: adverb modifier
The dependency type advmod is used for adverb modifiers of verbs,
nominals and adverbs alike.
Governed by a verb:
Governed by an adjective:
Note that adjectives used adverbially are also given this relation.
amod: adjectival modifier
Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the
dependency type amod.
Ordinal numerals:
The amod relation is also used for ordinal numerals. Note that these may not be explicitly marked in the morphology.
Locative attributives:
Substantives in the attributive form of the locative (-DAGI) are also marked with amod. (Pending clarification)
appos: apposition
An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes examples in parentheses, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
aux: auxiliary
In Kazakh, only a closed list of verbs can act as auxiliaries. These are words take part in participle constructions.
The full list of auxiliaries is as follows:
- ал- “do, make”
- баста- “start”
- бер- “”
- біт- “”
- бітір- “”
- бол- “be”
- ет- “”
- жазда- “”
- жат- “”
- жүр- “”
- қал- “”
- кел- “come”
- кет- “”
- көр- “see”
- отыр- “”
- сал- “”
- тұр- “stand”
- шық- “”
Note: Some of these are ambiguous with lexical verbs.
Examples
auxpass: passive auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for auxpass.
case: case marking
The dependency type case is used for the postposition in
postpositional phrases. The head of
a postpositional phrase is the nominal, not the postposition, so as to
analyse postpositional phrases similarly to nominal modifiers without a
postposition. (Such nominal modifiers are frequent in Kazakh, as cases
are often used for the same purpose as postpositions.) To the same end,
the type case is used in combination with the type nmod, which is
also used for nominal modifiers when no adposition is present (see
nmod).
Note that case is not used with auxiliary nouns (sometimes called “postpositions”) in the form of N¹.gen N².poss.case, for those nmod should be used (following treatment in English of prepositional constructions like “in front of”).
cc: coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions are marked as dependents of the last
coordinated element, and the dependency type used is cc.
Note: Coordination directionality is under discussion.
ccomp: clausal complement
Clausal complement is an object like clausal dependent. The governor is most commonly, although not always, the main verb or predicative of the main clause, and the dependent is the main verb or predicative of the dependent clause. The clausal complement can also modify a word other than a verb, most often a noun or pronoun. Most commonly clausal complements are verbal nouns in accusative or dative.
Another example:
Note that if the complement is completely controlled by the matrix verb, that
is it does not permit another subject or object, then the relation should be
xcomp.
We also use ccomp for the complement of reported speech clauses with де- (e.g.
деп, деген, …)
compound: compound
compound is one of the three UD relations UD for compounding,
together with mwe and name.
Nouns should modify appropriate noun in the compound in order to respect the branching structure.
Most uses of attr will be tagged with compound.
Nouns in the izafet construction (e.g. possessive on the final noun) should not get the compound relation,
they should instead be labelled nmod:poss, e.g.
Numerical expressions consisting of multiple tokens are annotated
using the compound dependency type. The last word of the numerical
expression is the governor, and the number dependencies are chained.
conj: coordinated element
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating
conjunction, such және, мен, немесе, etc. We treat conjunctions
asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the last conjunct and all the
other conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation.
Warning: If two sentences are joined with a comma and there is no relation between them, the relation should be parataxis.
Diffs
Note: Coordination directionality is under discussion.
cop: copula
Warning: DRAFT
A copula verb is a linking verb that joins a subject with a predicate.
Copular clauses receive a special treatment. The
predicative acts as the head word of the clause, and the copular verb
depends on it using a cop (copula) dependency. The cop relation
is only applied when the verb is used to link a subject to its predicate
(although the subject may be left out).
The full list of copula verbs is as follows:
- бол- “be, become”
- е- “be” (defective)
If the morphological analyser used outputs an е- copula in aorist third person then this is attached as a leaf node.
If the copula is not third person it has overt person marking:
In the past it surfaces as еді-:
Use of “бол” without a predicate:
Use of “бол” without subject or predicate:
Warning: DRAFT
csubj: clausal subject
A clausal subject (csubj) is a clause that acts as the subject of
another clause.
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
A determiner is the relation between the head of an NP and its determiner.
Another example:
discourse: discourse element
Discourse elements are interjections, exclamations or emoticons. They are attached to the main verb or predicative of the
sentence with the discourse dependency type.
And another example:
The discourse label is also used for modal words, and the question word (ма):
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
The dependency type dobj is used for (nominal) direct objects of the
verb.
Direct objects are typically in “nominative” (unmarked, indefinite accusative) or “accusative” (marked, definite accusative), but may be in other cases (e.g. dative).
Another example:
A dative direct object:
expl: expletive
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for expl.
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Note: Discussion of what constitutes a core argument in Kazakh is ongoing. The iobj relation will
probably be discarded in favour of subcategorising nmod.
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
A marker (mark) is the subordinating conjunction in a
non-complement subordinate clause.
The subordinating conjunctions in Kazakh are:
- егер “if”
- өйткені “because”
The dependency relation mark is also used to identify the
complementiser appearing in most clausal complements, where the head
of the dependency is the main verb of the subordinate clause.
mwe: multi-word expression
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mwe.
name: name
Proper names constituted of more than one word are annotated using the dependency type name. The last (rightmost) word is the head, and the other words are direct dependents of the head. The last word is chosen to be the head because in Kazakh the last word carries the inflectional information of the whole structure.
The name dependency relation is used in cases where the multi-word name does not have an obvious internal syntactic structure, as is the case with for instance names of people (**).
If a name has an obvious internal structure, as is often the case in names of books and movies for instance, this structure is marked instead.
Diffs
Contrary to the general UD definition of name, in UD Kazakh the last word of the multi-word name expression is considered the head.
neg: negation modifier
The neg relation is not used in Kazakh.
nmod: nominal modifier
Nominal modifiers are inflected nominals which modify most commonly a verb or a noun phrase. They can occur alone or together with an postposition in an postpositional phrase. Both cases are analysed similarly, as semantically nominal modifiers and postpositional phrases are similar.
nmod is by far the most used relation in UD Kazakh.
Postpositional phrases:
Izafet construction:
Genitive nouns in the izafet construction get a special relation, nmod:poss, be they indefinite:
or definite:
Object of comparison:
Nouns in ablative case which depend on adjectives as object of comparison get nmod:comp:
nmod:comp: object of comparison
We use the nmod:comp relation for the comparator in comparison constructions like “X is bigger
than Y”, in Turkic, the “than Y” is in the ablative case and this depends on the adjective X.
nmod:poss: nmod:poss
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nmod:poss.
nsubj: nominal subject
The dependency type nsubj marks nominal subjects a clause.
Another example:
Note that the governor may not always be a verb, in copula predication, non-verbal predicates are possible:
nummod: numeric modifier
Numeric modifiers of a noun or NP, when they function as quantifiers
are marked with the nummod dependency type.
Ordinal numbers should get the amod type.
Another example:
parataxis: parataxis
When two sentences share no relation but are written together in a single
sentence (delimited by comma, dash, semicolon or other punctuation) then we use the relation parataxis.
As with explicit coordinations, the last element is the governor.
Also parenthetical and interjected clauses can receive the parataxis dependency.
punct: punctuation
The dependency type punct is used to mark punctuation. The dependent is the punctuation
symbol, and the governor is the element which the punctuation symbol delimits. For instance,
with coordination, the last coordinated element is the head of all punct dependencies
in the coordination.
Coordination and parataxis:
The punctuation attaches to the governor.
Adverbial clauses:
The punctuation attaches to the head of the adverbial phrase.
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
The remnant relation is used to provide a treatment of ellipsis (in
the case of gapping and stripping, where a predicational or verbal
head gets elided). In particular, remnant aims to provide analyses
that do not postulate empty nodes.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.
root: root
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A
fake node ROOT is used as the governor.
vocative: vocative modifier
The dependency type vocative is used for vocatives, that is,
expressions where someone is being addressed. The governor of the
dependency is the main predicate of the clause where the addressing
occurs.
xcomp: open clausal complement
The dependency type xcomp is reserved for clausal complements which have an external
subject, that is, whose subject is shared with the complemented verb (a phenomenon also
known as subject control). Note that the subject of the complementing clause must be
the subject of the complemented verb, not any other sentence element.
Note: The existence of xcomp is uncertain in Kazakh, the vast majority of clausal
complements are not controlled and should get ccomp instead.