Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal. A relative clause is an instance of acl, characterized by finiteness and usually omission of the modified noun in the embedded clause. The head of the acl relation is the noun that is modified, and the dependent is the head of the clause that modifies the noun.
- With a synthetic verb:
Hori diote futbolaz dakiten entrenatzaileek .
The coaches who know about football say that .
- With a compound/periphrastic verb:
Hura da haurraren etorkizuna erabaki dezakeen bakarra .
He/she is the only one who can decide the child’s future .
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier (advcl) is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.),
as a modifier, not as a core complement. This includes temporal clauses, consequences, conditional clauses, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (otherwise, it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
Askatasunean oinarritutako alternatiba bat ematea .
To give an alternative based on freedom .
Lapurdin sorturiko lehenbiziko euskal idazle-taldea .
The first Basque writer-group created in Lapurdi .
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word (advmod) is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
We differentiate adverbials realized as adverbs (advmod) and adverbials realized by noun phrases or adpositional phrases (nmod) .
Rich, ordea, ez dago bakarrik .
Rich, however, is not alone .
Han ez zen ezer mugitzen .
Nothing was moved there .
amod: adjectival modifier
Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the dependency type amod. Most of the adjectives appear after the noun they modify, though some of them may appear before.
Epaiketa horrek kezka handia piztu du .
That trial has caused a big concern .
Mutikoak heldu ditun dantzaldira atorra urdin argi batekin .
The boys have arrived to the ball with a light blue shirt .
Azkeneko 400 metroak minutu batean osatu zituen Derartu Tuluk .
Derartu Tulu made the last 400 meters in one minute .
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of a noun (appos) is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
Bikote bat hil zuten Chinanin, Taref probintzian .
They killed a couple in Chinani, in the Taref province .
Azkenengo asanbladan, martxoaren 10ean eginikoa, adierazi zuten .
They explained it in the last assembly, in the one made in the 10th march .
Nekazaritza eta abeltzaintza (esnea, haragia eta txerriak) dira bertako iharduera ekonomiko nagusiak .
Agriculture and stockbreeding (milk, meat and pork) are the main autochthonous economic activities .
Francesco Casagrandre italiarrak Nazioarteko Txirrindularitza Elkarteko (UCI) lehen postuan jarraitzen du .
The italian Francesco Casagrandre continues in the first position of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) .
aux: auxiliary
The aux relation occurs between a verb and and auxiliary. In general, Basque verbs encode only aspect, while temporal and agreement features show up in the auxiliary, as well as transitivity.
There are mainly two auxiliary lemmas izan (to be) corresponding to intransitives and ukan (to have) corresponding to transitives.
Even if Basque word order is quite free, the auxiliary can only appear right after the verb in non-negative sentences, and right after the negation in negative sentences.
- Example of an auxiliary in an intransitive sentence (auxiliary lemma izan/to be):
Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .
These two parts fold by the places that are marked .
- Example of an auxiliary in a transitive sentence (auxiliary lemma ukan/to have):
Eztabaida handia sortu du aldaketak .
The change has caused a huge discussion .
auxpass: passive auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for auxpass.
case: case marking
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for case.
cc: coordinating conjunction
cc relation is used to annotate the relation between the conjunction complementizer and the head of the coordination structure.
Coordination in the Basque UD annotation follows the general schema where the first element of the conjunction is the head, and each conjunct, conjunction complementizer or puntuation mark acting as a conjunction should be attached to the first conjunct::
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc eta enparauek Europako Talde sendoena osatzen dute aditu gehienentzat .
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc and the rest form the most robust team of Europe according to most experts .
Note that it is the last conjunct the element showing the ergative case. The ergative case corresponds to subjects of transitive verbs. In this case to form
ccomp: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a verb or adjective (ccomp) is a dependent clause which is a core argument, that is, it functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Such clausal complements need to be finite (the relation that corresponds to non finite clausal complements is xcomp).
Arazoa da ez daudela instituzioak arau horiek betetzen diren bermatzeko .
The problem is that there are not institutions to guarantee whether those rules are observed .
compound: compound
compound is one of the three relations in UD for compounding. It is used for noun compounds (e.g., phone book), but also for verb and adjective compounds as well as for “phrasal verb” constructions (e.g., throw up), which in Basque are expressions such as gora egin (go up), for example:
Kazetariak aztoratuta ibili ziren atzo Euskadi Fundazioak Derion duen egoitzaren atarian .
Journalists were rowdy yesterday in the entrace of the officce that Euskadi Foundation has in Derio .
Izan ere zerbait gehiago behar da nirekin bukatzeko .
In fact something esle is needed in order to end with me .
conj: conjunct
conj relation is used to annotate the different conjuncts in a coordination structure.
Coordination in the Basque UD annotation follows the general schema where the first element of the conjunction is the head, and each conjunct, conjunction complementizer or puntuation mark acting as a conjunction should be attached to the first conjunct:
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc eta enparauek Europako Talde sendoena osatzen dute aditu gehienentzat .
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc and the rest form the most robust team of Europe according to most experts .
cop: copula
The cop relation is used with copulative verbs. The main difference between the general UD schema and the Basque annotation follows form the fact that English to be corresponds to several in Basque verbs. More precisely, izan (to be), egon (to be), ukan (to have), geratu (to stay keep), ibili (to be).
Eizagirre izan zen onena Galarretan .
Eizagirre was the best one in Galarreta .
Beti ito beldur nabil .
I am always scared to drown .
csubj: clausal subject
A clausal subject (csubj) is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause. The governor of this relation might not always be a verb: when the verb is a copular verb, the root of the clause is the complement of the copular verb. The dependent is the main lexical verb or other predicate of the subject clause.
Orain ezinezkoa da engainatzea .
It is now impossible to deceive .
Hemen inor etxekotzat hartzea zail egiten da .
Here it is difficult to take someone as relative .
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubjpass.
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
The relation determiner (det) holds between a nominal head and its
[determiner].
Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.
Note that cardinal numerals (one, five, hundred) are not tagged DET but nummod.
- Ordinal numbers are considered det in Basque:
Lehen partiduan hiru puntuak eskuratzea ez da ezinbestekoa .
To get the three points in the first match is not essential .
- Quantifiers (such as all, many, few…) are also tagged as det:
Hortxe biltzen da mota guztietako jendea .
All kind of people are met there .
Aukera asko daude .
There are many options .
Oso harreman gutxi dute gurekin .
They have very few relation with us .
- Interrogative determiners:
Zeintzu proiektu dituzu epe laburrera ?
Which projects do you have in the near future ?
- Demonstrative determiners are also det:
Euroaren kotizazio hau azken lau asteetako altuena da .
This price of the euro is the highest one in the last four weeks .
- Possessive determiners, are not tagged with det but with nmod (see nmod section).
discourse: discourse element
discourse is used for interjections and other discourse particles. The guidelines of what the Penn Treebanks count as an INTJ have been followed in this case, which inlcude interjections, fillers and discourse markers.
Ez, ez naiz bakarrik egoiten e !
No, I will not be alone eh !
Ba ez da hori, ez .
So it is not that, no .
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
The direct object (dobj) of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon. Basque is a morphologically ergative language , and the direct object is always marked with the absolutive case.
Euskal gizarteak Konstituzioa errefusatu zuela oroitarazi zuen .
(He/she) reminded that Basque society refused the Constitution .
expl: expletive
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for expl.
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
The indirect object (iobj) of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. As Basque is a language that distinguishes morphological cases, the indirect object is marked by the dative case.
Ikasleei esan zien arratsaldean ikasi behar zutela .
(He/she told the students that they needed to study in the evening .
Ahalegin haundia egin du guri geografia irakasten .
(He/she) has made a great effort teaching us geography .
Djukanovicek aldaketa handia eman dio bere ildo politikoari .
Djukanovic has given a big change to his political course .
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mark.
A marker is the word introducing a finite or non-finite clause subordinate to another clause. The tag mark in related to dependent of the subordinate clause head. Although in some languages such as English it is used in complement clauses or adverbial clauses, in Basque, in those cases, we do not need the marker, since being an agglutinative language those marks are suffixed to words.
neskak solasa hausnartzen zuen bitartean .
while the girl was thinking about the conversation .
Orio eta Castro garaipena lortzeko hautagaiak ziren arren, maila makala erakutsi zuten estropada hasieratik .
Although Orio and Castro were the candidates to obtain the victory, they showed a low level from the beginning of the regatta .
ez dugu hemen azalduko, Mirande eta Kristautasuna saioan egina dago eta gehienbat .
We will not show it here, mainly because it is done in the session Mirande and Cristianity .
mwe: multi-word expression
mwe, the multi-word expression (modifier) relation, is one of the three relations (compound, mwe, name) for compounding. It is used for certain fixed grammaticized expressions that behave like function words or short adverbials.
Eskolatik irten ondoren, beste hainbat gauza ikasten dituzte, besteak beste pianoa eta artea .
After leaving school, he/she learns some other things, among others piano and art .
Hakkinen baino sendoago ari da, argi eta garbi .
He/she is stronger than Hakkinen, as clear as water .
name: name
name is one of the three relations for compounding in UD (together with compound and mwe). It is used for proper nouns constituted of multiple nominal elements.
Words joined by name should all be part of a minimal noun phrase; otherwise, regular syntactic relations should be used.
In general, names are annotated in a flat, head-initial structure, in which all words in the name modify the first one using the name label.
Scottie Pippenek polemika artean ekin zion norgehiagokari .
Scottie Pippene attacked to the competition among polemics .
Dan Eggen gustora zegoen atzo .
Dan Eggen was comfortably yesterday .
Hego Koreako gobernuak Hyundai Motor enpresaren salmenta baimendu du .
South Korea’s government has authorized the sale of Hyundai Motor enterprise .
neg: negation modifier
The negation modifier (neg) is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies. Modifiers labeled neg depend either on a noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
- Predicate negation:
Ez da inolako hazkunderik antzematen euskararen erabileran .
It has not perceived any growth in the use of Basque .
Agian ez zela hain beharrezkoa .
That maybe it was not so necessary .
- Noun negation:
Gune ez hiritarretan bizi dira nagusiki .
(They) mainly live in non urban areas .
nmod: nominal modifier
The nmod relation (nmod) is used for nominal modifiers. They depend either on another noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
nmod is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct. This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb. But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute, or genitive complement.
Hegazkin txiki bat zain zegoen Findeleko aireportuan .
A small plane was waiting in the airport of Findel .
Partidutxoa egin zuten hamarreko bi taldetan .
They played a match in two groups of ten .
- Possessive determiners, are not tagged with det but with nmod.
Hori izango da gure zigorra .
That will be our punishment .
nsubj: nominal subject
The nsubj marks nominal subjects of the non-copular clause. Being Basque a morphologically ergative language, subjects of transitive verbs are marked with the ergative case, while subjects of intransitive verbs are marked with the absolutive case.
Example of a subject in an intransitive sentence (ABS case):
Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .
These two parts fold by the sites that are marked .
Example of a subject in a transitive sentence (ERG case):
Eztabaida handia sortu du aldaketak .
The change has caused a huge discussion .
Being Basque a free word order language, arguments of the verb can appear in different orders with respect to the verb.
Aldaketak eztabaida handia sortu du .
The change has caused a huge discussion .
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubjpass.
nummod: numeric modifier
A numeric modifier of a noun (nummod) is any number phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun with a quantity.
Urrezko domina irabazi zuen atletak 23 urte ditu .
The athlete who won the gold medal is 23 years old .
Hiru puntuak lortu ditugu .
We have got the three points .
Festa bat ospatu zuten .
They celebreated one party .
Saiatuko naiz bi maratoi egiten .
I will try to run two maratons .
Note that indefinite quantifiers such as few, many are tagged DET rather than NUM. Therefore their relation to the quantified noun is not nummod but DET (see DET section).
parataxis: parataxis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for parataxis.
punct: punctuation
punct relation is used to annotate punctuation marks.
Two kinds of punctuations can be distinguished:
- Punctuation acting as a conjunction in coordinations
-
The rest of the punctuation marks
- Punctuation in coordination
Coordination in the Basque UD annotation follows the general schema where the first element of the conjunction is the head, and each conjunct, conjunction complementizer or puntuation mark acting as a conjunction should be attached to the first conjunct:
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc eta enparauek Europako Talde sendoena osatzen dute aditu gehienentzat .
Zidane, Henry, Barthez, Deschamps, Blanc and the rest form the most robust team of Europe according to most experts .
- The rest of the punctuation marks
Full stop is linked to the head of the sentence.
Eztabaida handia sortu du aldaketak .
The change has caused a huge discussion .
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for remnant.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.
root: root
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for root.
vocative: vocative
The vocative relation is used to mark dialogue participant addressed in text (common in conversations, emails and newsgroup postings). The relation links the addressee’s name to its host sentence.
Ganix, etorri !
Ganix, come !
Nora zoaz, Kurt ?
Where are you going, Kurt ?
xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject (“without its own subject” does not mean that a clause is an xcomp just because its subject is not overt). The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause).
These clauses are non-finite in Basque (although in some languages can be finite).
Atzo entrenamendua uztea erabaki zuen .
Yesterday (he/she) decided to leave the training .
Mentalki irmo ikusi ditut haiek .
I have seen them mentally firm .
Madrilera ez joatea erabaki zuen .
(He/she) decided not to go to Madrid .