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Specific constructions

Elements of a clause

Passives

Swedish has two ways of forming passives, a morphological passive (s-passive) and a periphrastic passive (bli-passive).



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Han jagades av polisen . \n He was-chased by the-police .
nsubjpass(jagades, Han)
nmod:agent(jagades, polisen)
case(polisen, av)
{
    "text": "Han jagades av polisen . \n He was-chased by the-police . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 23, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 27, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 30, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 41, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 44, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 55, 56 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "nsubjpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "nmod:agent", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Han blev jagad av polisen . \n He was chased by the-police .
nsubjpass(jagad, Han)
nmod:agent(jagad, polisen)
case(polisen, av)
auxpass(jagad, blev)
{
    "text": "Han blev jagad av polisen . \n He was chased by the-police . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 30, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 37, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 44, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 47, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 58, 59 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "nsubjpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "nmod:agent", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R3", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R4", "auxpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

In addition, the morphological passive form (s-form) is sometimes used without a passive meaning (so-called deponens and reciprocal verbs). These are distinguished from true passives by having the feature Voice=Pass (passive form) but the dependency relation nsubj (not nsubjpass) to their subjects.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Jag hoppas att du kommer . \n I hope that you come
nsubj(hoppas, Jag)
ccomp(hoppas, kommer)
{
    "text": "Jag hoppas att du kommer . \n I hope that you come ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 29, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 31, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 36, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 41, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 45, 49 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Specific constructions

Elements of a clause

Passives

Elements of a nominal

Adjectival and adverbial constructions