Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a noun.
Note that in Irish, relative clauses get assigned a specific relation acl:relcl, a subtype of acl.
The super type acl is not used in version 1.0 or 1.1 of the Irish treebank.
acl:relcl: relative clause modifier
A relative clause modifier marks the relation between a relative clause and a noun phrase in a preceding clause.
The head of the relative clause is usually a verb.
Example
Chaill sé pé rud a bhí aige `He lost everything that he had’
Chaill sé pé rud a bhí aige \n Lost he whatever thing that had he
acl:relcl(bhí, pé)
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes temporal, consequence, conditional and purpose clauses. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the head is the main predicate of the clause.
Examples
Nuair a bhí siad ag teacht ar ais, chonaic siad é ‘When they were coming back, they saw it’
Nuair a bhí siad ag teacht ar ais, chonaic siad é \n When [] were they at coming on back, saw they it
advcl(chonaic, bhí)
Má imríonn siad mar faoi is féidir leo, is dóigh liom go bhfillfidh siad ar Staid Semple ‘If they play as well as they can, I believe they will return to Semple Stadium’
Má imríonn siad mar faoi is féidir leo , is dóigh liom go bhfillfidh siad ar Staid Semple \n If play they as about be ability with-them , be belief with-me that will_return they to Stadium Semple
advcl(dóigh, imríonn)
Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad `Payments are not given if they are not asked for’
Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad \n Not given payments if_not requested them
advcl(thugtar, n-iarrtar)
Ach nuair a bhíodar ag dul aníos casadh mairnéalach leo `But when they were going down, they met sailors’
Ach nuair a bhíodar ag dul aníos casadh mairnéalach leo \n But when [] were_they at going down were_met sailors with_them
advcl(casadh, bhíodar)
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase (ADVP) that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Examples
Fuair mé fliú mór a bhí ag dul thart ‘I caught a bad flu that was going around’
Fuair mé fliú mór a bhí ag dul thart \n Caught I flu big [] was at going around
advmod(dul, thart)
Chaithimid an oíche amuigh ar an fharraige ‘We spent the night out on the sea’
Chaithimid an oíche amuigh ar an fharraige \n 'Spent_we the night out on the sea'
advmod(Chaithimid, amuigh)
Níor tháinig sé go fóill ‘He hasn’t arrived yet’
Níor tháinig sé go fóill \n Not arrived he [] yet
advmod(tháinig, fóill)
amod: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the NP.
Examples
tíortha forbatha ‘developed countries’
tíortha forbatha \n countries developed
amod(tíortha, forbatha)
Baineann na prionsabail chéanna leis ‘The same principles apply’
Baineann na prionsabail chéanna leis \n Relate the principles same with_it
amod(prionsabail, chéanna)
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of an NP is an NP immediately to the right of the first NP that serves to define or modify that NP. It also includes parenthesized examples.
Examples:
Tá gearán déanta ag Unison, ceardchumann lucht na mbónaí bána, leis an gCoimisiún `Unison, the workers’ trade union, have made a complaint to the Commission’
Tá gearán déanta ag Unison , ceardchumann lucht na mbónaí bána , leis an gCoimisiún \n Is complaint made by Unison , trade_union group the collars white , with the Commission
appos(Unison, ceardchumann)
Chas m’athair air sa tábhairne, O’ Shea’s i nDomhnach Broc `My father met him in the pub, O’ Shea’s in Donnybrook’
Chas m' athair air sa tábhairne , O' Shea's i nDomhnach Broc \n Met my father on him in_the pub , O' Shea's in Donnybrook []
appos(tábhairne, Shea's)
case: case marking
The case relation is used for most prepositions in Irish. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
See nmod:pred for labelling of prepositional pronouns, and xcomp:pred for prepositional predicates.
Prepositions have many functions in Irish.
Examples
adjuncts
PPs can precede or follow the verb they modify, or follow the noun they modify.
(i) Sa bhliain sin, bhuaigh siad an Chorn `In that year, they won the Cup’
(ii) Bhuaigh siad an Chorn sa bhliain sin `They won the Cup in that year’
(iii) An teach sa chathair `The house in the city’
progressive aspectuals
The preposition ag is used with verbal nouns to form progressive aspectual phrases in Irish.
Tá sí ag rith ‘She is running’
Tá sí ag rith \n Is she at running
nmod(Tá, rith)
nsubj(Tá, sí)
case(rith, ag)
ownership/ state
Prepositions are also used in phrasal constructions to denote ownership or a state of being.
Tá airgead ag na daoine ‘The people have money’ (lit. Money is at the people)
Tá airgead ag na daoine \n Is pen at the people
nmod(Tá, daoine)
case(daoine, ag)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir `The visitor is sorry’ (lit. sorrow is on the visitor)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir \n Is sorrow on the visitor
nmod(Tá, gcuairteoir)
case(gcuairteoir, ar)
obliques
Oblique arguments are also labelled case.
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna Fáil ‘The people of Cork are very unhappy with Fianna Fáil’
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna_Fáil \n Be people Cork very_unhappy with Fianna_Fáil
nsubj(Tá, muintir)
compound(muintir, Chorcaí)
xcomp:pred(Tá, an-mhíshásta)
nmod(Tá, Fianna_Fáil)
case(Fianna_Fáil, le)
case:voc: vocative particle
A vocative particle precedes and marks the case of an addressee.
Example
Slán leat, a chara ‘Goodbye, friend’
Slán leat, a chara \n goodbye with_you, [] friend
case:voc(chara, a)
ccomp: clausal complement
The ccomp relation marks a clausal complement of a verb or adjective, that has its own internal subject. In Irish, clausal complements are usually introduced by complementizers go, nach, and gur.
Examples
Tá a fhios agam gur imigh mo mháthair \n Is the knowledge at_me that left my mother
ccomp(Tá, imigh)
Creidimidne, go bhforbraíonn na mic léinn a gcuid tuisceana ar shaol proifisiúna na tionsclaíochta `We believe, that the students develop their understanding of professional life of industry’
Creidimidne , go bhforbraíonn na mic léinn a gcuid tuisceana ar shaol proifisiúna na tionsclaíochta \n Believe_we , that develop the students their own understanding on life professional the industry
ccomp(Creidimidne, bhforbraíonn)
compound: compound
UD Irish uses the compound relation for noun compounding. In Irish, when two nouns are compounded, the second is in the genitive case. Compounds can denote ownership or an attribute.
Examples
Attributive:
Oifig an Phoist `Post Office’ (lit. Office the Post)
ag cosaint na n-oifigí poist tuaithe \n at protecting the offices post country
compound(n-oifigí, poist)
compound(n-oifigí, tuaithe)
roimh teacht na traenach ‘before the train’s arrival’
roimh teacht na traenach \n before arrival the train
compound(teacht, traenach)
Titles:
an tSúir Concepta \n Sr. Concepta
compound(Concepta, tSúir)
Reflexive Pronoun: féin
Similar to the emphatic pronoun self in English, e.g. himself, themselves.
Cé hiad féin ? \n Who are THEY ?
compound(hiad, féin)
Ownership:
It can also translate as ownership, yet the possessive pronoun will also be present in those constructions using féin:
ábalta a rá lena bpobal féin \n able to say to their own community
compound(bpobal, féin)
le bean Choilm \n with Colm's wife
compound(bean, Choilm)
compound:prt: phrasal particles
In UD Irish, the subtype compound:prt (phrasal particle) is used in connection with phrasal verbs, where the particle is considered an integral part of the verb expression. The governor of the dependency is the verb, and the dependent is the phrasal particle.
Example
Na sonraí atá leagtha amach in Airteagal J ‘The details that are laid out in Article J’
Na sonraí atá leagtha amach in Airteagal J \n The details that are laid out in Article J.
compound:prt(leagtha, amach)
conj: conjunct
UD coordination has a right-adjunct structure (note that this differs from the structure of the Irish Dependency Treebank). The first conjunct (conjoined element) is the head of the conjoined phrase and all other conjuncts are dependents, labelled with the conj relation.
Examples
Tigh Tábhairne agus Lóistín atá anois ann ‘A Public Bar and Hotel is what is there now’
Tigh Tábhairne agus Lóistín atá anois ann \n Houses Tavern and Accommodation that_is now there
conj(Tábhairne,Lóistín)
ionaid oidhreachta, chultúrtha agus Ghaeilge ‘heritage, culture and Irish language centre’
ionaid oidhreachta , chultúrtha agus Ghaeilge \n centre heritage, culture and Irish_language
conj(oidhreachta,chultúrtha)
conj(oidhreachta,Ghaeilge)
cop: copula
In Irish, there is a distinction between the substantive verb bí `to be’, which inflects for tense, mood and person as per all Irish verbs – and the copula is, which only has two tensed forms - present/future and past/conditional.
Bí, as a verb, uses separate particles in negative and interrogative constructions. Is (copula) uses its own forms in these constructions. For example:
- ba (conditional/ past - positive)
- ar (past/ interrogative - positive)
- nach (present/ future - interrogative/ negative)
- ní (present/ future - negative)
The order of elements in a copula construction is in general: copula, predicate (new or focussed information), and subject
cop is used to link the copula verb is and its predicate. See xcomp:pred to see how the verb bí is linked to a predicate.
Examples
#### equative construction
Is múinteoir é ‘He is a teacher’
Is múinteoir é \n is teacher him
cop(múinteoir, Is)
idiomatic expressions
Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht ‘I would like not to stay’
Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht \n Be good with_me without staying
cop(mhaith, Ba)
cleft constructions
Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin ‘It is they who will be members of those committees’
Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin \n Is they who will_be in_their members of the committees that
cop(iad,Is)
ownership constructions
An leatsa é? ‘Is it yours?’
An leatsa é ? \n Is with_you it ?
cop(leatsa, An)
csubj: clausal subject
All clausal subjects in the current version of the treebank are subjects of the copula is. We use csubj:cop for clausal subjects in copular constructions when the clause contains its own subject. We use csubj:cleft for subjects of cleft constructions.
csubj:cleft: relative clause modifier
Irish cleft constructions use a copula and are analysed in line with other copular construction: COP PRED SUBJ. In contrast to English, Irish clefts are much less restrictive with regards to the type of element that can be fronted: nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbial phrases, adjectives and verbal nouns.
Examples
Nominal fronting
Is leabhar a thug sí dom ‘It is a book that she gave me’
Is leabhar a thug sí dom \n is book [] gave she to_me
csubj:cleft(leabhar, thug)
cop(leabhar, Is)
Adverbial fronting
Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é ‘It is within a year that it will be done’
Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é \n is within a year [] will_be_done it
csubj:cleft(laistigh, déanfar)
cop(laistigh, Is)
Prepositional phrase fronting
Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é ‘It is in the park that I saw him’
Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é \n is in_the park [] saw I him
csubj:cleft(pháirc, chonaic)
cop(pháirc, Is)
csubj:cop: relative clause modifier
A clausal copular subject (csubj:cop) is a UD Irish subtype, used to label a clause that acts as the
subject of another (copular) clause. As in all copular clauses, the
predicate acts as the head of the clause and hence it is also the
governor of the copular subject.
Example
Is dócha go raibh an ceart aici ‘It is likely that she was correct’
Is dócha go raibh an ceart aici \n Is probable that was the right at_her
csubj:cop(dócha, raibh)
dep: unspecified dependency
The UD Irish treebank does not contain any instances of dep.
det: determiner
The detlabel marks the relationship between a noun and its determiner.
In Irish there is no indefinite article, only a definite article. The definite article can be singular (an) or plural (na).
Examples
an clár ‘the programme’
an clár \n the programme
det(clár, an)
an cláranna ‘the programmes’
na cláranna \n the programmes
det(cláranna, na)
Two pre-determiners can occur before a noun:
Examples
gach uile ábhar ‘every single subject’
gach uile ábhar \n every single subject
det(ábhar, gach)
det(ábhar, uile)
Two determiners can be used each side of a noun: pre-determiners and post-determiners:
an tuairim sin ‘that opinion’ (an+sin = ‘that’)
an tuairim sin \n the opinion DEM
det(tuairim, an)
det(tuairim, sin)
an leabhar úd ‘that book
an leabhar úd \n the book DEM
det(leabhar, an)
det(leabhar, úd)
an alt seo ‘this paragraph’
an alt seo \n the paragraph DEM
det(alt, an)
det(alt, seo)
an chéad cheannaire eile ‘</b>the next</b> leader’
an chéad cheannaire eile \n the first leader other
det(cheannaire, an)
det(cheannaire, eile)
quant(cheannaire, chéad)
discourse: discourse element
The discourse label is used to connect interjections and other discourse particles to a clause.
Examples
Á, níl sé chomh holc sin! ‘Aw, it is not as bad as that!’
Á , níl sé chomh holc sin ! \n Aw , is_not it as bad that !
discourse(níl, Á)
Leoga, tá aitheantas tugtha dóibh Indeed, they are given recognition
Leoga , tá aitheantas tugtha dóibh \n Indeed , is recognition given to\_them
discourse(tá, Leoga)
dislocated: dislocated elements
The dislocated label has not been applied to Irish in this release of the treebank. No examples have been observed yet,
but should any be identified, they will be marked in subsequent versions of the treebank.
dobj: direct object
The dobj label is used to mark the relationship between a verb and its direct object.
Examples
Bhailigh siad eolas ‘They collected information’
Bhailigh siad eolas \n Collected they information
dobj(Bhailigh, eolas)
Note that the object of an infinitival phrase occurs before the infinitive form (Verbal Noun), despite Irish being a VSO language.
eolas a chur ar fáil ‘to make information available’
eolas a chur ar fáil \n information to put at available
dobj(chur, eolas)
Impersonal/autonomous verbs are used to create phrases similar to the English passive. However, unlike English, the object does not become the subject of this verb form, and remains labelled as dobj.
An lá a cuireadh é ‘The day he was buried’
An lá a cuireadh é \n The day [] was_buried he
dobj(cuireadh, é)
foreign: foreign words
There are a handful of instances of intra-sentential Irish/English code-mixing in the treebank. Where possible we analyse the sentential structure using the appropriate labels for the English words. We only use the foreign relation
when we want to explicitly mark the English words as foreign, e.g. the title of an English film in quotation marks, an example of an Irish-English dictionary entry within a sentence, or an Irish-English sign (see example below). When the foreign label is used, the sequence of words is given a linear analysis with the first word as the head.
Example
ar oscailt / open : Bealtaine - Meán Fómhair / May - September `open / open : May - September / May - September ‘
ar oscailt / open : Bealtaine - Meán Fómhair / May - September \n open / open : May - September / May - September
foreign(oscailt,open)
foreign(Bealtaine,May)
foreign(May,September)
list: list
The list relation is used for chains of comparable items.
Example
Is iad seo na príomhchineálacha breiseán bia : 1) dathuithe 2) leasaithigh 3) antocsaídigh `These are the main types of food additives : 1) colouring 2) preservatives 3) antioxidants’
Is iad seo na príomhchineálacha breiseán bia : 1) dathuithe 2) leasaithigh 3) antocsaídigh \n Is they DEM the main_types additives food : 1) colouring 2) preservatives 3) antioxidants
list(príomhchineálacha,1))
list(príomhchineálacha,2))
list(príomhchineálacha,3))
mark: marker
In Irish the mark label is used for infinitive markers and for subordinate conjunctions.
Note that subordinate conjunctions are attached to the head of the complement clause (not the matrix clause as is the case in the Irish Dependency Treebank).
Examples
subordinate conjunctions
Cé go ndeachaigh sé thar fóir leis an tuairim sin , is cinnte go raibh mórán scríobhneoirí Béarla den bharúil chéanna `Although he went overboard with that opinion , it was certain that many English writers had the same opinion’
Cé go ndeachaigh sé thar fóir leis an tuairim sin , is cinnte go raibh mórán scríobhneoirí Béarla den bharúil chéanna \n Although that went he over board with the opinion DEM , is certain that was many writers English of_the opinion same
mark(ndeachaigh, Cé)
advcl(is, ndeachaigh)
Ba ar Mháirín a smaoiníodh sé nuair a d’ fheicfeadh sé iad `He would think of Máirín when he would see them’
Ba ar Mháirín a smaoiníodh sé nuair a d' fheicfeadh sé iad \n Was on Máirín that would_think he when [] [] would_see he them
mark(fheicfeadh, nuair)
infinitive marker
Caithfidh mé sin a fhoghlaim `I will have to learn that’
Caithfidh mé sin a fhoghlaim \n will_have I that to learn
mark(fhoghlaim, a)
mark:prt: particle
The UD Irish subtype `mark:prt’ is used for the various particles in Irish, including:
- adverbial particle: go
- quantifier particle: a
- cleft particle: a
- verb particles: d’, a, and the complementisers go, nach, nár, gur, gurbh,
- comparative and superlative particles: is, níos
- days of the week particle: Dé
Examples
adverbial particle
Níor tháinig sé go fóill `He has not arrived yet’ ~~~ sdparse Níor tháinig sé go fóill \n NEG arrived he PART yet mark:prt(fóill, go) ~~~
quantifier particle
Ar a seacht a chlog `At seven o’ clock’
Ar a seacht a chlog \n At PART seven o' clock
mark:prt(seacht, a)
Roinn a 2 `Division 2’
Roinn a 2 \n Division PART 2
mark:prt(2, a)
cleft particle
Is leabhar a thug sí dom `It is a book that she gave me’
Is leabhar a thug sí dom \n Is book PART gave she to_me
mark:prt(thug, a)
verb particles
Nuair a tógadh na scadáin ar bord `When the herring were brought onboard’
Nuair a tógadh na scadáin ar bord \n When PART was_brought the herring on board
mark:prt(tógadh, a)
D’ inis tú dom `You told me’
D' inis tú dom \n PART told you to_me
mark:prt(inis, D')
complementiser
Is dóigh liom go raibh siad ann `I believe they were there’
Is dóigh liom go raibh siad ann \n Is belief to_me PART were they there
mark:prt(raibh, go)
superlative particle
Ba í an difríocht is suntasaí `It was the most remarkable difference’
Ba í an difríocht is suntasaí \n Was it the difference most remarkable
mark:prt(suntasaí, is)
name: name
The name relation is used with compounding proper nouns, typically for
names of people, places, organisations and so on.
In UD Irish, this not only includes surnames, but also surname particles such as Mac, Mc, Ó, de, Uí and Ní.
Example
Is mian linn ár mbuíochas a chur in iúl go háirithe do Sheán Ó Gallchóir `We want to express our thanks in particular to John Gallagher’
Is mian linn ár mbuíochas a chur in iúl go háirithe do Sheán Ó Gallchóir \n Is desire with_us our thanks to put in knowledge [] particular to John PART Gallagher
name(Sheán,Ó)
name(Sheán,Gallchóir)
neg: negation modifier
The neg label is used for Irish negative verb particles. These particles take the form of:
- ní (present/future/conditional/habitual past and irregular past),
- nach (present/future/conditional/habitual past and irregular past interrogative)
- níor (past)
- nár (past interrogative)
- ná (imperative)
Examples
Ní raibh aon Teresa ina measc `There was not any Teresa’s among them’
Ní raibh aon Teresa ina measc \n Not was any Teresa in_their midst
neg(raibh,Ní)
Ná déan seo `Don’t do this’
Ná déan seo \n Not do this
neg(déan,Ná)
nmod: nominal modifier
The nmod relation is used for nominal modifiers of nouns or clausal predicates. nmod is typically a noun functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct, and often marked by a preposition using case.
Examples
Tá sé ráite ag tráchtairí áirithe `It is said by some commentators’
Tá sé ráite ag tráchtairí áirithe \n Is it said by commentators some
nmod(ráite, tráchtairí)
case(tráchtairí, ag)
Tá an Roinn ag obair le réimse tionscadal `The Department is working with a range of projects’
Tá an Roinn ag obair le réimse tionscadal \n Is the Department at working with range projects
nmod(obair,réimse)
case(réimse, le)
It is also used for attaching noun phrases, such as headings, to clauses:
TOGRA IONAID - Eolas a chur ar fáil ar fholúntais fostaíochta le FÁS `CENTRE PROJECT - To provide information on employment opportunities with FÁS.’
TOGRA IONAID - Eolas a chur ar fáil ar fholúntais fostaíochta le FÁS \n PROJECT CENTRE - Information to put on getting on opportunities employment with FÁS.
nmod(Eolas, TOGRA)
It is also used to label the attachment of augment pronouns to their nominal head:
Comharsain aoibhne ab ea iad `They were lovely neighbours’
Comharsain aoibhne ab ea iad \n Neighbours lovely were they them
nmod(iad, ea)
nmod:poss: possessive pronoun
Irish denotes possession through the use of possessive pronouns:
- mo “my”
- do “your” (SG),
- a “his/her”
- ár “our”
- bhur “your” (PL),
- a “their”
Example
Chuir mé ceist ar mo mhúinteoir `I asked my teacher a question’
Chuir mé ceist ar mo mhúinteoir \n Put I question on my teacher
nmod:poss(mhúinteoir, mo)
nmod:prep: prepositional pronouns
nmod:prep, used for prepositional pronouns, is a UD Irish subtype of the nmod relation:
16 of the most common Irish simple prepositions can be inflected to mark pronominal objects. These are referred to as pronominal prepositions or prepositional pronouns. We regard these as playing nominal modifier roles instead of prepositional modifier roles. We introduce the language-specific label nmod:prep so as not to lose information regarding the presence of the preposition.
Examples
agam “at me”; leis “with him”, uainn “from us”
D’inis mé di `I told her’
D' inis mé di \n [] told I to_her
nmod:prep(inis, di)
Is dóigh leis go bhfuil páirtíocht acu lena chéile `He believes that they have a partnership together’
Is dóigh leis go bhfuil páirtíocht acu lena chéile \n Is belief with_him that is partnership at_them with each_other
nmod:prep(dóigh, leis)
nmod:prep(bhfuil, acu)
Níl fhios agam `I don’t know’
Níl fhios agam \n Is_not knowledge at_me
nmod:prep(Níl,agam)
nmod:tmod: temporal modifier
A temporal modifier is a subtype of the nmod relation: if the modifier is specifying a time, it is labeled as tmod.
Example
daoine a mhair na milliúin bliain ó shin `people who lived millions of years ago’
daoine a mhair na milliúin bliain ó shin \n people who lived the millions years from then
nmod:tmod(mhair, bliain)
nsubj: nominal subject
A nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
Examples
Rachaidh sí abhaile `She will go home’
Rachaidh sí abhaile \n Will_go she home
nsubj(Rachaidh, sí)
In a copula construction, the nsubj is dependent on the predicate (in this case the noun réitigh ‘solution’).
Is réitigh sealadach iad `They are temporary solutions’
Is réitigh sealadach iad \n Is temporary solutions they
nsubj(réitigh, iad)
cop(réitigh, Is)
The head of an infinitival phrase can also be nsubj in a copula construction – in Irish, the infinitive verb form is a verbal noun.
Ar mhaith leat teach a cheannach ? ‘Would you like to buy a house?’
Ar mhaith leat teach a cheannach ? \n Is good with_you house to buy?
nsubj(mhaith, cheannach)
nummod: numeric modifier
Numeric modifiers of a noun or NP, including both cardinal and
ordinal numbers, are marked with the nummod dependency type. Quantifiers are also included.
Examples
sa bhliain 1975 `in the year 1975’
sa bhliain 1975 \n in year 1975
nummod(bhliain, 1975)
an chéad chéim `the first year’
an chéad chéim \n in first year
nummod(chéim, chéad)
fo-alt (1) `sub-paragraph (1)’
fo-alt (1) \n sub-paragraph (1)
nummod(fo-alt, (1))
parataxis: parataxis
The parataxis relation is a relation between the main verb of a clause and other sentential elements, such as a sentential parenthetical, a clause after a “:” or a “;”, or two sentences placed side by side without any explicit coordination or subordination. More information can be found on the universal dependency page (u-dep/parataxis)
Example
Fuaireamar é seo ; féach an é cóta do mhic é nó nach é? `We found this ; look is it your son’s coat or not?’
Fuaireamar é seo ; féach an é cóta do mhic é nó nach é? \n Found_we it this ; look is it coat your son it or not it?
parataxis(Fuaireamar,féach)
punct: punctuation
This is used for any piece of punctuation in a clause, regardless of its function. The punctuation mark is attached to the head of the phrase or clause to which it belongs unless this introduces a non-projective dependency. More discussion on punctuation can be found on the universal dependency page (u-dep/punct).
Example
_</b> Tá an méid sin suimiúil a d' inis tú dom <b>,</b> <b>'</b> a dúirt sé <b>.</b>_ ` What you have told me is interesting ,’ he said to me.’
` Tá an méid sin suimiúil a d' inis tú dom , ' a dúirt sé . \n ' Is the amount DEM interesting [] [] told you to_me , ' [] said he .
punct(dúirt, `)
punct(dúirt, ,)
punct(dúirt, ')
punct(dúirt, .)
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
The remnant label has not been applied to the Irish in this release. No examples have been observed yet, but should any be identified, they will be marked in subsequent versions of the treebank.
root: root
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A dummy node “ROOT” is used as the governor. The ROOT node is indexed with “0”, since the indices of real words in the sentence start at 1.
Example
Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad `Payments are not made if they are not requested’
ROOT Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad \n ROOT Not given payments if_not requested them
root(ROOT, thugtar)
vocative: vocative
The vocative relation is used to mark a dialogue participant addressed in text (common in conversations, emails and newsgroup postings). The relation links the addressee’s name to its host sentence.
Examples:
Slán leat , a chara `Goodbye , friend’
Slán leat , a chara \n Goodbye with_you, [] friend
vocative(Slán, chara)
Is dóigh liom a Mháiréad, go bhfuil mé i ngrá leat `I think Mairead, that I’m in love with you’
Is dóigh liom a Mháiréad , go bhfuil mé i ngrá leat \n Is belief with_me [] Mairead , that am I in love with_you
vocative(dóigh, Mháiréad)
xcomp: open clausal complement
The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers.
Examples
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin `You must look at the statistics to see that the standards dropped’
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin \n Is enough look at the statistics for to see that dropped the standards
xcomp(leor, fheiceáil)
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile `I have to go home’
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile \n Have I to go home
xcomp(Caithfidh, dhul)
The UD Irish scheme uses xcomp to denote progressive aspectual phrases, the structure of which follows:
Be + SUBJ + at (ag) + Verbal Noun
In these cases, and in keeping with the analysis of prepositional phrases, we attach the verbal noun to the higher verb (“be”) (using the xcomp label instead of the nmod used in standard PPs). The preposition is then a dependent of the verbal noun, with that relationship labelled as case.
Tá sé ag rith `He is running’
Tá sé ag rith \n Is he at running
xcomp(Tá, rith)
case(rith, ag)
There are also some similar periphrastic constructions similar to these progressives that use le or ar:
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil `They would be made available’
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil \n Would_be_put they on getting
xcomp(Chuirfeadh,fáil)
case(fáil, ar)
xcomp:pred: predicate
We extend the label xcomp as a UD Irish subtype xcomp:pred to mark predicates of the substantive verb bí (be), which can have predicate arguments in the form of adverbial, adjectival and prepositional phrases.
Note that this differs from Irish (cop) constructions.
Examples
Bhí sé dochreidte go raibh sé fós beo `It was unbelieveable that he was still alive’
Adjectival Predicate
Bhí sé dochreidte go raibh sé fós beo \n Was it unbelieveable that was he still alive
xcomp:pred(Bhí, dochreidte)
PP Predicate
Note that the head of the prepositional phrase is the noun.
Tá duine eile i_mbun peannaireachta `Someone else is in charge of writing’
Tá duine eile i_mbun peannaireachta \n Is someone else in_charge_of writing
xcomp:pred(Tá, peannaireachta)
case(peannaireachta, i_mbun)
Adverbial Predicate
Tá Meryl Streep go hiontach sa scannán sin `Meryl Streep is wonderful in that movie’
Tá Meryl Streep go hiontach sa scannán sin \n Is Meryl Streep [] wonderful in movie that
xcomp:pred(Tá, hiontach)