Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
acl is used for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a noun.
Note that in Irish, relative clauses get assigned a specific relation acl:relcl, a subtype of acl.
The super type acl is not used in version 1.0 or 1.1 of the Irish treebank.
acl:relcl: relative clause modifier
A relative clause modifier marks the relation between a relative clause and a noun phrase in a preceding clause.
The head of the relative clause is usually a verb.
Example
Chaill sé pé rud a bhí aige `He lost everything that he had’
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes temporal, consequence, conditional and purpose clauses. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the head is the main predicate of the clause.
Examples
Nuair a bhí siad ag teacht ar ais, chonaic siad é ‘When they were coming back, they saw it’
Má imríonn siad mar faoi is féidir leo, is dóigh liom go bhfillfidh siad ar Staid Semple ‘If they play as well as they can, I believe they will return to Semple Stadium’
Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad `Payments are not given if they are not asked for’
Ach nuair a bhíodar ag dul aníos casadh mairnéalach leo `But when they were going down, they met sailors’
advmod: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase (ADVP) that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Examples
Fuair mé fliú mór a bhí ag dul thart ‘I caught a bad flu that was going around’
Chaithimid an oíche amuigh ar an fharraige ‘We spent the night out on the sea’
Níor tháinig sé go fóill ‘He hasn’t arrived yet’
amod: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the NP.
Examples
tíortha forbatha ‘developed countries’
Baineann na prionsabail chéanna leis ‘The same principles apply’
appos: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of an NP is an NP immediately to the right of the first NP that serves to define or modify that NP. It also includes parenthesized examples.
Examples:
Tá gearán déanta ag Unison, ceardchumann lucht na mbónaí bána, leis an gCoimisiún `Unison, the workers’ trade union, have made a complaint to the Commission’
Chas m’athair air sa tábhairne, O’ Shea’s i nDomhnach Broc `My father met him in the pub, O’ Shea’s in Donnybrook’
case: case marking
The case relation is used for most prepositions in Irish. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages.
See nmod:pred for labelling of prepositional pronouns, and xcomp:pred for prepositional predicates.
Prepositions have many functions in Irish.
Examples
adjuncts
PPs can precede or follow the verb they modify, or follow the noun they modify.
(i) Sa bhliain sin, bhuaigh siad an Chorn `In that year, they won the Cup’
(ii) Bhuaigh siad an Chorn sa bhliain sin `They won the Cup in that year’
(iii) An teach sa chathair `The house in the city’
progressive aspectuals
The preposition ag is used with verbal nouns to form progressive aspectual phrases in Irish.
Tá sí ag rith ‘She is running’
ownership/ state
Prepositions are also used in phrasal constructions to denote ownership or a state of being.
Tá airgead ag na daoine ‘The people have money’ (lit. Money is at the people)
Tá brón ar an gcuairteoir `The visitor is sorry’ (lit. sorrow is on the visitor)
obliques
Oblique arguments are also labelled case.
Tá muintir Chorcaí an-mhíshásta le Fianna Fáil ‘The people of Cork are very unhappy with Fianna Fáil’
case:voc: vocative particle
A vocative particle precedes and marks the case of an addressee.
Example
Slán leat, a chara ‘Goodbye, friend’
ccomp: clausal complement
The ccomp relation marks a clausal complement of a verb or adjective, that has its own internal subject. In Irish, clausal complements are usually introduced by complementizers go, nach, and gur.
Examples
Creidimidne, go bhforbraíonn na mic léinn a gcuid tuisceana ar shaol proifisiúna na tionsclaíochta `We believe, that the students develop their understanding of professional life of industry’
compound: compound
UD Irish uses the compound relation for noun compounding. In Irish, when two nouns are compounded, the second is in the genitive case. Compounds can denote ownership or an attribute.
Examples
Attributive:
Oifig an Phoist `Post Office’ (lit. Office the Post)
roimh teacht na traenach ‘before the train’s arrival’
Titles:
Reflexive Pronoun: féin
Similar to the emphatic pronoun self in English, e.g. himself, themselves.
Ownership:
It can also translate as ownership, yet the possessive pronoun will also be present in those constructions using féin:
compound:prt: phrasal particles
In UD Irish, the subtype compound:prt (phrasal particle) is used in connection with phrasal verbs, where the particle is considered an integral part of the verb expression. The governor of the dependency is the verb, and the dependent is the phrasal particle.
Example
Na sonraí atá leagtha amach in Airteagal J ‘The details that are laid out in Article J’
conj: conjunct
UD coordination has a right-adjunct structure (note that this differs from the structure of the Irish Dependency Treebank). The first conjunct (conjoined element) is the head of the conjoined phrase and all other conjuncts are dependents, labelled with the conj relation.
Examples
Tigh Tábhairne agus Lóistín atá anois ann ‘A Public Bar and Hotel is what is there now’
ionaid oidhreachta, chultúrtha agus Ghaeilge ‘heritage, culture and Irish language centre’
cop: copula
In Irish, there is a distinction between the substantive verb bí `to be’, which inflects for tense, mood and person as per all Irish verbs – and the copula is, which only has two tensed forms - present/future and past/conditional.
Bí, as a verb, uses separate particles in negative and interrogative constructions. Is (copula) uses its own forms in these constructions. For example:
- ba (conditional/ past - positive)
- ar (past/ interrogative - positive)
- nach (present/ future - interrogative/ negative)
- ní (present/ future - negative)
The order of elements in a copula construction is in general: copula, predicate (new or focussed information), and subject
cop is used to link the copula verb is and its predicate. See xcomp:pred to see how the verb bí is linked to a predicate.
Examples
#### equative construction
Is múinteoir é ‘He is a teacher’
idiomatic expressions
Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht ‘I would like not to stay’
cleft constructions
Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin ‘It is they who will be members of those committees’
ownership constructions
An leatsa é? ‘Is it yours?’
csubj: clausal subject
All clausal subjects in the current version of the treebank are subjects of the copula is. We use csubj:cop for clausal subjects in copular constructions when the clause contains its own subject. We use csubj:cleft for subjects of cleft constructions.
csubj:cleft: relative clause modifier
Irish cleft constructions use a copula and are analysed in line with other copular construction: COP PRED SUBJ. In contrast to English, Irish clefts are much less restrictive with regards to the type of element that can be fronted: nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbial phrases, adjectives and verbal nouns.
Examples
Nominal fronting
Is leabhar a thug sí dom ‘It is a book that she gave me’
Adverbial fronting
Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é ‘It is within a year that it will be done’
Prepositional phrase fronting
Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é ‘It is in the park that I saw him’
csubj:cop: relative clause modifier
A clausal copular subject (csubj:cop) is a UD Irish subtype, used to label a clause that acts as the
subject of another (copular) clause. As in all copular clauses, the
predicate acts as the head of the clause and hence it is also the
governor of the copular subject.
Example
Is dócha go raibh an ceart aici ‘It is likely that she was correct’
dep: unspecified dependency
The UD Irish treebank does not contain any instances of dep.
det: determiner
The detlabel marks the relationship between a noun and its determiner.
In Irish there is no indefinite article, only a definite article. The definite article can be singular (an) or plural (na).
Examples
an clár ‘the programme’
an cláranna ‘the programmes’
Two pre-determiners can occur before a noun:
Examples
gach uile ábhar ‘every single subject’
Two determiners can be used each side of a noun: pre-determiners and post-determiners:
an tuairim sin ‘that opinion’ (an+sin = ‘that’)
an leabhar úd ‘that book
an alt seo ‘this paragraph’
an chéad cheannaire eile ‘</b>the next</b> leader’
discourse: discourse element
The discourse label is used to connect interjections and other discourse particles to a clause.
Examples
Á, níl sé chomh holc sin! ‘Aw, it is not as bad as that!’
Leoga, tá aitheantas tugtha dóibh Indeed, they are given recognition
dislocated: dislocated elements
The dislocated label has not been applied to Irish in this release of the treebank. No examples have been observed yet,
but should any be identified, they will be marked in subsequent versions of the treebank.
dobj: direct object
The dobj label is used to mark the relationship between a verb and its direct object.
Examples
Bhailigh siad eolas ‘They collected information’
Note that the object of an infinitival phrase occurs before the infinitive form (Verbal Noun), despite Irish being a VSO language.
eolas a chur ar fáil ‘to make information available’
Impersonal/autonomous verbs are used to create phrases similar to the English passive. However, unlike English, the object does not become the subject of this verb form, and remains labelled as dobj.
An lá a cuireadh é ‘The day he was buried’
foreign: foreign words
There are a handful of instances of intra-sentential Irish/English code-mixing in the treebank. Where possible we analyse the sentential structure using the appropriate labels for the English words. We only use the foreign relation
when we want to explicitly mark the English words as foreign, e.g. the title of an English film in quotation marks, an example of an Irish-English dictionary entry within a sentence, or an Irish-English sign (see example below). When the foreign label is used, the sequence of words is given a linear analysis with the first word as the head.
Example
ar oscailt / open : Bealtaine - Meán Fómhair / May - September `open / open : May - September / May - September ‘
list: list
The list relation is used for chains of comparable items.
Example
Is iad seo na príomhchineálacha breiseán bia : 1) dathuithe 2) leasaithigh 3) antocsaídigh `These are the main types of food additives : 1) colouring 2) preservatives 3) antioxidants’
mark: marker
In Irish the mark label is used for infinitive markers and for subordinate conjunctions.
Note that subordinate conjunctions are attached to the head of the complement clause (not the matrix clause as is the case in the Irish Dependency Treebank).
Examples
subordinate conjunctions
Cé go ndeachaigh sé thar fóir leis an tuairim sin , is cinnte go raibh mórán scríobhneoirí Béarla den bharúil chéanna `Although he went overboard with that opinion , it was certain that many English writers had the same opinion’
Ba ar Mháirín a smaoiníodh sé nuair a d’ fheicfeadh sé iad `He would think of Máirín when he would see them’
infinitive marker
Caithfidh mé sin a fhoghlaim `I will have to learn that’
mark:prt: particle
The UD Irish subtype `mark:prt’ is used for the various particles in Irish, including:
- adverbial particle: go
- quantifier particle: a
- cleft particle: a
- verb particles: d’, a, and the complementisers go, nach, nár, gur, gurbh,
- comparative and superlative particles: is, níos
- days of the week particle: Dé
Examples
adverbial particle
Níor tháinig sé go fóill `He has not arrived yet’ ~~~ sdparse Níor tháinig sé go fóill \n NEG arrived he PART yet mark:prt(fóill, go) ~~~
quantifier particle
Ar a seacht a chlog `At seven o’ clock’
Roinn a 2 `Division 2’
cleft particle
Is leabhar a thug sí dom `It is a book that she gave me’
verb particles
Nuair a tógadh na scadáin ar bord `When the herring were brought onboard’
D’ inis tú dom `You told me’
complementiser
Is dóigh liom go raibh siad ann `I believe they were there’
superlative particle
Ba í an difríocht is suntasaí `It was the most remarkable difference’
name: name
The name relation is used with compounding proper nouns, typically for
names of people, places, organisations and so on.
In UD Irish, this not only includes surnames, but also surname particles such as Mac, Mc, Ó, de, Uí and Ní.
Example
Is mian linn ár mbuíochas a chur in iúl go háirithe do Sheán Ó Gallchóir `We want to express our thanks in particular to John Gallagher’
neg: negation modifier
The neg label is used for Irish negative verb particles. These particles take the form of:
- ní (present/future/conditional/habitual past and irregular past),
- nach (present/future/conditional/habitual past and irregular past interrogative)
- níor (past)
- nár (past interrogative)
- ná (imperative)
Examples
Ní raibh aon Teresa ina measc `There was not any Teresa’s among them’
Ná déan seo `Don’t do this’
nmod: nominal modifier
The nmod relation is used for nominal modifiers of nouns or clausal predicates. nmod is typically a noun functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct, and often marked by a preposition using case.
Examples
Tá sé ráite ag tráchtairí áirithe `It is said by some commentators’
Tá an Roinn ag obair le réimse tionscadal `The Department is working with a range of projects’
It is also used for attaching noun phrases, such as headings, to clauses:
TOGRA IONAID - Eolas a chur ar fáil ar fholúntais fostaíochta le FÁS `CENTRE PROJECT - To provide information on employment opportunities with FÁS.’
It is also used to label the attachment of augment pronouns to their nominal head:
Comharsain aoibhne ab ea iad `They were lovely neighbours’
nmod:poss: possessive pronoun
Irish denotes possession through the use of possessive pronouns:
- mo “my”
- do “your” (SG),
- a “his/her”
- ár “our”
- bhur “your” (PL),
- a “their”
Example
Chuir mé ceist ar mo mhúinteoir `I asked my teacher a question’
nmod:prep: prepositional pronouns
nmod:prep, used for prepositional pronouns, is a UD Irish subtype of the nmod relation:
16 of the most common Irish simple prepositions can be inflected to mark pronominal objects. These are referred to as pronominal prepositions or prepositional pronouns. We regard these as playing nominal modifier roles instead of prepositional modifier roles. We introduce the language-specific label nmod:prep so as not to lose information regarding the presence of the preposition.
Examples
agam “at me”; leis “with him”, uainn “from us”
D’inis mé di `I told her’
Is dóigh leis go bhfuil páirtíocht acu lena chéile `He believes that they have a partnership together’
Níl fhios agam `I don’t know’
nmod:tmod: temporal modifier
A temporal modifier is a subtype of the nmod relation: if the modifier is specifying a time, it is labeled as tmod.
Example
daoine a mhair na milliúin bliain ó shin `people who lived millions of years ago’
nsubj: nominal subject
A nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
Examples
Rachaidh sí abhaile `She will go home’
In a copula construction, the nsubj is dependent on the predicate (in this case the noun réitigh ‘solution’).
Is réitigh sealadach iad `They are temporary solutions’
The head of an infinitival phrase can also be nsubj in a copula construction – in Irish, the infinitive verb form is a verbal noun.
Ar mhaith leat teach a cheannach ? ‘Would you like to buy a house?’
nummod: numeric modifier
Numeric modifiers of a noun or NP, including both cardinal and
ordinal numbers, are marked with the nummod dependency type. Quantifiers are also included.
Examples
sa bhliain 1975 `in the year 1975’
an chéad chéim `the first year’
fo-alt (1) `sub-paragraph (1)’
parataxis: parataxis
The parataxis relation is a relation between the main verb of a clause and other sentential elements, such as a sentential parenthetical, a clause after a “:” or a “;”, or two sentences placed side by side without any explicit coordination or subordination. More information can be found on the universal dependency page (parataxis)
Example
Fuaireamar é seo ; féach an é cóta do mhic é nó nach é? `We found this ; look is it your son’s coat or not?’
punct: punctuation
This is used for any piece of punctuation in a clause, regardless of its function. The punctuation mark is attached to the head of the phrase or clause to which it belongs unless this introduces a non-projective dependency. More discussion on punctuation can be found on the universal dependency page (punct).
Example
_</b> Tá an méid sin suimiúil a d' inis tú dom <b>,</b> <b>'</b> a dúirt sé <b>.</b>_ ` What you have told me is interesting ,’ he said to me.’
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
The remnant label has not been applied to the Irish in this release. No examples have been observed yet, but should any be identified, they will be marked in subsequent versions of the treebank.
root: root
The root grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence. A dummy node “ROOT” is used as the governor. The ROOT node is indexed with “0”, since the indices of real words in the sentence start at 1.
Example
Ní thugtar íocaíochtaí mura n-iarrtar iad `Payments are not made if they are not requested’
vocative: vocative
The vocative relation is used to mark a dialogue participant addressed in text (common in conversations, emails and newsgroup postings). The relation links the addressee’s name to its host sentence.
Examples:
Slán leat , a chara `Goodbye , friend’
Is dóigh liom a Mháiréad, go bhfuil mé i ngrá leat `I think Mairead, that I’m in love with you’
xcomp: open clausal complement
The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp.
These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers.
Examples
Is leor breathnú ar na staitisticí chun a fheiceáil gur thit na caighdeáin `You must look at the statistics to see that the standards dropped’
Caithfidh mé a dhul abhaile `I have to go home’
The UD Irish scheme uses xcomp to denote progressive aspectual phrases, the structure of which follows:
Be + SUBJ + at (ag) + Verbal Noun
In these cases, and in keeping with the analysis of prepositional phrases, we attach the verbal noun to the higher verb (“be”) (using the xcomp label instead of the nmod used in standard PPs). The preposition is then a dependent of the verbal noun, with that relationship labelled as case.
Tá sé ag rith `He is running’
There are also some similar periphrastic constructions similar to these progressives that use le or ar:
Chuirfeadh iad ar fáil `They would be made available’
xcomp:pred: predicate
We extend the label xcomp as a UD Irish subtype xcomp:pred to mark predicates of the substantive verb bí (be), which can have predicate arguments in the form of adverbial, adjectival and prepositional phrases.
Note that this differs from Irish (cop) constructions.
Examples
Bhí sé dochreidte go raibh sé fós beo `It was unbelieveable that he was still alive’
Adjectival Predicate
PP Predicate
Note that the head of the prepositional phrase is the noun.
Tá duine eile i_mbun peannaireachta `Someone else is in charge of writing’
Adverbial Predicate
Tá Meryl Streep go hiontach sa scannán sin `Meryl Streep is wonderful in that movie’