This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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POS tags

Open class words Closed class words Other
ADJ ADP PUNCT
ADV AUX SYM
INTJ CONJ X
NOUN DET
PROPN NUM
VERB PART
PRON
SCONJ

ADJ: adjective

Definition

Adjectives are words that typically modify nouns and specify their properties or attributes. Adjectives in Danish normally agree in gender and number with the noun they modify (both in attributive and predicative position), e.g. en stor forskel “a big difference” (common singular), et stort problem “a big problem” (neuter singual) and store dele “big parts” (plural).

Danish adjectives have positive/comparative/superlative degree, e.g. hurtig/hurtigere/hurtigst (fast/faster/fastest).

Examples

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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. Danish has prepositions but not postposition.

Examples

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ADV: adverb

Definition

Adverbs are words that typically modify adjectives, verbs or other adverbs for such categories as time, place, direction or manner.

Note that in Danish, some adverbs may also function as verbal particles, as in se ud “look”. They are still tagged ADV and not PART.

Examples

edit ADV

AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.

Danish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.

Examples

Delimitation

Auxiliaries are a closed-class list. The following list breaks down the lemmas of the words marked as AUX into the four kinds of auxiliary verb (which are later disambiguated by their dependency label).

edit AUX

CONJ: coordinating conjunction

Definition

A coordinating conjunction is a word that links words or larger constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other and expresses a semantic relationship between them.

Examples

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DET: determiner

Definition

Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. Like adjectives, Danish determiners typically agree with the noun they modify for gender and number, e.g. din dreng “your boy” (common singular), dit barn “your child” (neuter singular), dine døtre “your daughters” (plural).

Examples

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INTJ: interjection

Definition

An interjection is a word that is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. Standalone or pre-sentence ja and nej (yes and no), as well as greeting forms, are also treated as interjections in Danish.

Examples

Hmm! “Thanks!” Åh! “Oh!” Hej! “Hello!”

edit INTJ

NOUN: noun

Definition

Nouns (i.e. common nouns) are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea.

Examples

edit NOUN

NUM: numeral

Definition

A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.

Cardinal numerals are covered by NUM regardless of syntactic function and regardless of whether they are expressed as words (fyre “four”), digits (4) or Roman numerals (IV). By contrast, ordinal numerals like første (first) are always tagged ADJ.

Note that in Danish the decimal mark is most often a comma. Thousands are then separated by either a space or dot.

Examples

edit NUM

PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs).

In Danish PART is currently used for the infinitive marker at. Note that not all instances of at are of type PART, as at can also be used as a SCONJ.

Example

edit PART

PRON: pronoun

Definition

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases. Their meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

Examples

edit PRON

PROPN: proper noun

Definition

A proper noun is a noun (or nominal content word) that is the name (or part of the name) of a specific individual, place, or object.

In Danish proper nouns differ from common nouns in inflecting only for case, not for definiteness or number, as they are definite and singular by default.

Examples

edit PROPN

PUNCT: punctuation

Definition

Punctuation marks are non-alphabetical characters and character groups used to delimit linguistic units in printed text. They are tagged PUNCT regardless of their function.

Examples

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SCONJ: subordinating conjunction

Definition

A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a dependent of the other.

Examples

edit SCONJ

SYM: symbol

Definition

A symbol is a word-like entity that differs from ordinary words by form, function, or both.

In the Danish treebank SYM is used for mathematical operators or the section (§) sign.

edit SYM

VERB: verb

Definition

A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.

The tag VERB is reserved for full lexical verbs, while auxiliary verbs are tagged AUX.

Examples

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X: other

Definition

The tag X is used for words that for some reason cannot be assigned a real part-of-speech category.

The X tag is disprefered, but kept in the treebank from the conversion of the previous tags in the initial distribution of the Copenhagen Dependency Treebank for foreign words, OCR errors, and parts of distributionally arranged compounds like musik- og billedprogrammermusic and image programs”

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