Aspect: aspect
| Values: | ComplImp | ComplPerf | ComplPerfv | Imp | Perf | Perfv |
Aspect is a feature that specifies the duration of the action in time, e.g. whether the action has been completed, etc.
In Chintang, aspect is a feature of the VERB. It may also occur with the auxiliary lus. Aspect and Tense are separate but not completely independent of each other.
Aspect is mostly marked by vector verbs in Chintang. The distinction between compounding vector verbs and grammaticalized suffix is based on phonological criteria (for verbhood): vector verbs that lost or can lose their onset are analyzed as grammatical markers rather than as a part of a compound. We analyze as aspect: completive -dhend and -hat(t), imperfective -yakt, and perfect -ŋs.
Completive -dhend and -hat(t) can co-occur with all three (im)perfectivity aspects (Imp, Perf, and Perfv), for which verbs are obligatorily marked.
Imp: imperfective
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed. Imperfective is typically zero-marked on non-past verb forms.
Examples
- Tanno. “She’ll jump.” / “She’s jumping.” / “She jumps (habitually).”
- Pindakte. “He was running.” / “He used to run.”
Perf: perfect
The past action with present relevance, or a present state resulting from a past situation.
Examples
- Thabaŋseʔ. “She has come over.”
Perfv: perfective
The action is viewed as a simple whole.
Perfective is zero-marked on the imperative of past verb forms.
Examples
- Yuaʔ! “Sit down!”
- Ukhatte. “They took it away.”
ComplImp: completive imperfective
The combination of completive (the action was / is / will be completed) and imperfective aspects.
Examples
- Cohattuwaktuce. “He used to eat them up.”
ComplPerf: completive perfect
The combination of completive (the action was / is / will be completed) and perfect aspects.
Examples
- Sedandoŋse. “He has killed it.”
ComplPerfv: completive perfective
The combination of completive (the action was / is / will be completed) and perfective aspects.
Examples
- Loĩsande. “He let it out.”
Aspect in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [bor] [cs] [ctn] [el] [eme] [ga] [gn] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [la] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [naq] [nci] [nmf] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [ru] [say] [sl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yrl]