UD Akkadian RIAO
Language: Akkadian (code: akk
)
Family: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.7 release.
The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Mikko Luukko, Aleksi Sahala, Sam Hardwick, Krister Lindén.
Repository: UD_Akkadian-RIAO
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.7
License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Genre: nonfiction, government
Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Akkadian-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [sam • hardwick (æt) iki • fi]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.
Annotation | Source |
---|---|
Lemmas | assigned by a program, with some manual corrections, but not a full manual verification |
UPOS | annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD, with some manual corrections of the conversion |
XPOS | annotated manually |
Features | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
Relations | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
Description
162 royal inscriptions of four early Neo-Assyrian kings.
The data source for the treebank is 162 royal inscriptions of four early Neo-Assyrian kings: Aššur-dan II (r. 934–912 BCE), Adad-nerari II (r. 911–891 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta II (r. 890–884 BCE) and Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BCE). Their inscriptions were published by A. Kirk Grayson in his 1991 volume Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B.C. I (1114 – 859 B.C.) (Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 2), University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
UD_Akkadian-RIAO is a small treebank which consists of 22 277 words and 1845 sentences. This represents an intact subset of a total of 2211 sentences from the early Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions of the tenth and ninth centuries BCE. These royal inscriptions were extracted from Oracc (Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus; http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/), where all Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions are lemmatized word-for-word. The language of the corpus is Standard Babylonian, with occasional Assyrianisms, whereas “Akkadian” is the umbrella term for both Assyrian and Babylonian. The treebank was manually annotated following the UD annotation guidelines.
Acknowledgments
This treebank was carried out as part of the Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires (ANEE) in cooperation with FIN-CLARIN and the Language Bank of Finland, taking place in Helsinki, and funded by the Academy of Finland. We would like to thank Niek Veldhuis (Berkeley), the initiator of the project, and David Bamman (Berkeley), who helped in setting up the first attempt for annotation on the Brat rapid annotation tool. For making this project possible, we are also indebted to Karen Radner, Jamie Novotny and Nathan Morello (all three LMU, Munich) and to Grant Frame and Steve Tinney (both UPenn, Philadelphia).
References
Mikko Luukko, Aleksi Sahala, Sam Hardwick, Krister Lindén. 2020. Akkadian Treebank for Early Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions. In Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories (TLT), Düsseldorf 2020. (https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.tlt-1.11.pdf)
Statistics of UD Akkadian RIAO
POS Tags
ADJ – ADP – ADV – CCONJ – DET – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – SCONJ – VERB – X
Features
Case – Gender – Mood – Nounbase – Number – Person – Subordinative – Tense – Ventive – VerbForm – Verbstem
Relations
acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – advmod:emph – amod – appos – case – cc – ccomp – conj – cop – csubj – dep – det – det:poss – discourse – fixed – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – parataxis – root – vocative – xcomp
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- This corpus contains 1804 sentences, 19465 tokens and 21962 syntactic words.
- All tokens in this corpus are followed by a space.
- This corpus contains 70 types of words with spaces. Examples: 1 mē, 2 mē, 1 līm, lā pādâ, 1 mē 20, lā kanšūte, 2 līm, 8 mē, 3 līm, 3 mē, lā pādû, lā ādiru, 1 mē 50, 7 mē, 1 šūši, 2 mē 50, 5 mē, lā māgirī, lā mēni, 2 līm 8 mē, lā pādûte, 1 līm 2 mē, 1 līm arbaʾu mē 1 šūši, 1 mē 72, 10 līm, 2 mē 1 šūši, 3 mē 20, 5 līm, Zaba šapliti, arbaʾu mē, arbaʾu mē 1 šūši, arbaʾu mē 70, lā māgirūt, lā šanān, mār māri, ša rēši, šakin māt, 1 līm 5 mē, 1 līm šeš mē, 1 mē 74, 1 mē x, 2 līm 5 mē, 2 līm 7 mē 2, 2 mē 57, 3 mē 26, 3 mē 32, 3 mē 70, 50 līm, 7 mē 80, 9 mē
- This corpus contains 189 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: Aššur-naṣir-apli, Tukulti-Ninurta, Adad-nerari, Aššur-dan, Til-ša-Zabdani, Til-Bari, Zaba-šapliti, ma’atta, Bit-Adini, Tamti-rabite, Tukulti-apil-Ešarra, Til-ša-Abtani, mar-Zamani, Nur-Adad, Til-ša-Abatani, arba’i, Amme-baʾli, Araš-tua, Aššur-reša-iši, Bit-Halupe, Libbi-ali, Tamti-rabiti, UD.1.KAM₂, mar-Bahiani, Šalmanu-ašared, Azi-ili, Til-uli, Tukulti-Aššur-aṣbat, mar-Adini, Šarrat-niphi, Ahi-iababa, Aššur-rabi, Dur-Balaṭi, Dur-aduklimmu, Mušezib-Ninurta, Salmanu-ašared, Zaba-eliti, mar-Halupe, rā’im, {URU}x, še’ī, 5-te-šu₂, Adad-aha-iddina, Adad-itʾi, Ahi-ramu, Ahlame-Armaya, Amil-Adad, Amme-baʾla, Ammi-paʾli, Aššur-bel-kala
- This corpus contains 2417 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.03 syntactic words.
- There are 565 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: Aššurma, šallassunu, mātiya, bēliya, elišunu, kakkīya, šarrūtiya, šēpīya, dēktašunu, sihirtiša, ūmešuma, bēlūtiya, qāssu, gimriša, pāniya, ālānišunu, ēkallišu, kalîšina, šumī, ittallakuma, alpīšunu, šēpīšu, ṣēnīšunu, gabadibbīšu, tidūkišunu, ēnahma, šumiya, dannūtišu, limētuššu, mātišu, bēlišu, šumšu, abbīya, anhūssu, uššēšu, āliya, šāninšu, ayyābīšu, būšašunu, būšīšunu, dannūtišunu, libbiya, lā, qātiya, apēlušinani, bēltiya, issiya, nakrīšu, ummānātišunu, arkišunu.
Morphology
Tags
- This corpus uses 13 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, CCONJ, DET, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, SCONJ, VERB, X
- This corpus does not use the following tags: AUX, INTJ, SYM, PUNCT
- This corpus contains 6 word types tagged as particles (PART): lā, lū, ma, mā, ni, ul
- This corpus contains 11 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): _, ammar, anāku, attunu, mamman, mammāna, mannu, mīnu, yâši, ša, šuāti
- This corpus contains 14 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): _, ammiu, annû, gabbu, kalû, kalāma, mimma, šuāti, šuātunu, šâtu, šâtunu, šû, šī, šū
- Out of the above, 2 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: _, šuāti
- This corpus contains 0 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX):
- There are 3 (de)verbal forms:
- Finite
- VERB: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- Inf
- VERB: šūzub, epēš, arāk, šumʾud, uppušu, pêli, šuknuše, hulluq, napāhi, šapāri
- Stative
- ADJ: ašarēdāku, kabtāku, šurruhāku, ṣīrāku, nâdāku, gešrāku, šitmurāku, ašṭāku, dandannāku, dannāku
- NOUN: labbāku, qarrādāku, zikarāku, bēlāku, uršānāku, šarrāku
- VERB: bēde, bēdāk, šaknū, ṣali, usbakūni, šaknu, labi, dān, bašû, ṣabtat
Nominal Features
- Com
- ADJ-Stative: ašarēdāku, kabtāku, šurruhāku, ṣīrāku, nâdāku, gešrāku, šitmurāku, ašṭāku, dandannāku, dannāku
- NOUN-Stative: labbāku, qarrādāku, zikarāku, bēlāku, uršānāku, šarrāku
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Stative: bēdāk, usbakūni, usbāku, našâku, tarruṣū
- Fem
- ADJ: rapšāte, balṭāti, kabitta, ma’atta, maʾatta, maʾattu, mādāte, rabītu, uhhuzāte, rakissu
- DET: ammâte, šī, annâte, annīte, šuātu, šuāti, šuʾātu
- NOUN: māt, kiššati, maddattu, ummānāti, šallas, māti, ēkal, išātāti, šēpī, mātāti
- NUM: erbetta, erbetti
- PRON: ša, šina, ši, sa, ki, si, sina, š
- PROPN: Idiqlat, Ištar, Subnat, Puratte, Zaban, Zaba-šapliti, Tamti-rabite, Gula, Tamti-rabiti, Šarrat-niphi
- VERB-Finite: ūṣâ, ušabbā, tamgur, idūlāni, ihillā, iṣuddā, luṣṣī, tahdu, tamahhar, tappardâ
- VERB-Stative: ṣabtat, šuklulat, šuqallulat
- Masc
- ADJ: dannu, rabû, rabûti, danni, rabê, dannūte, dannūti, qardu, arkû, šaṭra
- DET: šū, šuātu, annî, annê, šuātunu, annâ, šuāte, šuʾātu, šâtu, šâtunu
- NOUN: šar, mār, šarru, ālāni, libbi, šadê, ilāni, alpī, bēli, kakkī
- NUM: ištēn, arba’i, šinip
- PRON: šu, šunu, sunu, su, ka, sunūti, šunūti, attunu, šunū, šuāšu
- PROPN: Aššur, Aššur-naṣir-apli, Tukulti-Ninurta, Adad-nerari, Enlil, Adad, Ninurta, Šamaš, Aššur-dan, Sin
- VERB: īšû, ittallaku, ikšud, iṣbutū, ēnah, ipēlu, šūzub, šaknū, ṣali, ikšudu
- VERB-Finite: īšû, ittallaku, ikšud, iṣbutū, ēnah, ipēlu, ikšudu, ipparšidūni, luddiš, ušekniša
- VERB-Inf: šūzub, epēš, arāk, šumʾud, uppušu, pêli, šuknuše, hulluq, napāhi, šapāri
- VERB-Stative: šaknū, ṣali, šaknu, labi, dān, bašû, hadāt, marṣi, nādi, šaknūni
- Plur
- ADJ: rabûti, dannūte, rapšāte, dannūti, balṭāti, balṭūti, mādāte, uhhuzāte, ṣīrāti, naṭûte
- DET: ammâte, annâte, šuātunu, šuātu, šâtunu
- NOUN: ālāni, ummānāti, ilāni, alpī, kakkī, išātāti, immerī, šēpī, mātāti, narkabāti
- PRON: šunu, sunu, šina, sunūti, sina, šunūti, attunu, šunū
- PROPN: Anunnaki, Igigi
- VERB-Finite: iṣbutū, ipparšidūni, iṣṣabtū, ūrdūni, igdurrū, uttērū, iplahū, irammū, lukinnū, idūkū
- VERB-Stative: šaknū, ṣaprūni, tadnūni, šaknūni, šitkunū, ṭubbī
- Sing
- ADJ: dannu, rabû, danni, rabê, qardu, arkû, šaṭra, kabitta, ma’atta, marṣu
- ADJ-Stative: ašarēdāku, kabtāku, šurruhāku, ṣīrāku, nâdāku, gešrāku, šitmurāku, ašṭāku, dandannāku, dannāku
- DET: šū, šuātu, šī, annīte, annî, annê, šuʾātu, annâ, šuāte, šuāti
- NOUN: šar, māt, mār, kiššati, šarru, libbi, maddattu, šallas, māti, bēli
- NOUN-Stative: labbāku, qarrādāku, zikarāku, bēlāku, uršānāku, šarrāku
- NUM: arba’i, erbetti, šinip
- PRON: šu, ya, ša, su, ī, ni, ši, anāku, sa, anni
- PROPN: zumri
- VERB: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Inf: šūzub, epēš, arāk, šumʾud, uppušu, pêli, šuknuše, hulluq, napāhi, šapāri
- VERB-Stative: bēde, bēdāk, ṣali, usbakūni, šaknu, labi, dān, bašû, ṣabtat, hadāt
- Acc
- ADJ: šaṭra, kabitta, lā pādâ, maʾatta, mahrâ, kabta, šurbâ, arattâ, duššupa, marulta
- DET: annâ
- NOUN: āla, būša, dīkta, maddatta, dūra, māhira, ēkalla, pâ, dabdâ, kussâ
- PRON: mīna, šunū
- PROPN: Azira, Baza, Diduala, Ialligu, Matiate, Mehri, Sarbalia, Suru, Arantu
- Gen
- ADJ: danni, rabê, šitmuri, mahrê, peṣê, marṣi, maʾdi, elli, rabīte, rabīti
- DET: annīte, annî, annê, šâtunu
- NOUN: kiššati, libbi, māti, bēli, siparri, šarrūti, muhhi, qereb, sihirti, ūme
- NUM: arba’i, erbetti
- PROPN: Nairi, Suhi, Habhi, Laqe, Habruri, Gilzani, Babite, Hatte, Kašiyari, Puratte
- VERB-Inf: pêli, šuknuše, napāhi, šapāri, namāri, ba’āri, du’āki, epāše, esīr, lāmāri
- Loc
- NOUN: limētuš, biriquš
- Nom
- ADJ: dannu, rabû, qardu, arkû, marṣu, labēru, maʾattu, gapšu, rabītu, naʾdu
- DET: šuātu, šâtu
- NOUN: šarru, maddattu, rubû, šadû, biltu, bēlu, ālu, eṭlu, kaspu, pīthallu
- PROPN: Kalhu, Nirbu, Šamšu, Purattu, Hindanu, Lullu, Arumu, Abu, Habhu, Harudu
- VERB-Inf: rapāš
Degree and Polarity
Verbal Features
- Imp
- VERB-Finite: uddiš, tēr, balliṭ, dūku, epuš, hulliq, taʾer, uddiši, šutur
- Ind
- VERB: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- Precative
- VERB-Finite: luddiš, lutēr, lukinnū, liskipū, luhalliqū, lušēšibū, līkimū, libriq, likkalmū, littasqar
- Prohibitive
- VERB-Finite: ušabbā, tapaššiṭ, ekkim, essir, eṣṣidi, ihassasa, ikassir, imahhar, inaddi, inašši
- Past
- VERB: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- Pres
- VERB-Finite: išemme, inabbû, ipaššiṭu, irammū, iqabbû, išakkanu, ukallūni, eppašu, išubbū, ušabbā
Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers
- 1
- ADJ-Stative: ašarēdāku, kabtāku, šurruhāku, ṣīrāku, nâdāku, gešrāku, šitmurāku, ašṭāku, dandannāku, dannāku
- NOUN-Stative: labbāku, qarrādāku, zikarāku, bēlāku, uršānāku, šarrāku
- PRON: ya, ī, ni, anāku, anni, wa, a, nim, ā, ayyâši
- VERB: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Stative: bēdāk, usbakūni, usbāku, našâku, tarruṣū
- 2
- PRON: ka, ki, attunu
- VERB-Finite: uddiš, tapaššiṭ, tušaršidu, tēr, balliṭ, dūku, epuš, hulliq, tabarri, tapaššiṭi
- VERB-Stative: hadāt
- 3
- DET: šū, šuātu, šī, šuʾātu, šuāte, šuāti
- NOUN: abullu, liātu, mušerbû
- PRON: šu, šunu, ša, sunu, su, šina, ši, sa, sunūti, si
- VERB: bēde, īšû, ittallaku, ikšud, ittumuš, iṣbutū, ēnah, ipēlu, ittumša, šaknū
- VERB-Finite: īšû, ittallaku, ikšud, ittumuš, iṣbutū, ēnah, ipēlu, ittumša, ikšudu, ipparšidūni
- VERB-Stative: bēde, šaknū, ṣali, šaknu, labi, dān, bašû, ṣabtat, marṣi, nādi
Other Features
- Nounbase
- Bound
- ADJ: mithar
- NOUN: šar, māt, mār, ēkal, iššak, pān, bīt, āl, šakin, ebertān
- NUM: šinip
- VERB-Inf: šūzub, epēš, arāk, šumʾud, hulluq, nanmar, nasāh, zakār, šušmur, ṣabāt
- Free
- ADJ: Aššuru, ella
- DET: annê, šuātunu, annâ, šuātu, šâtu
- NOUN: kiššati, šarru, maddattu, libbi, siparri, išātāti, ummānāti, mātāti, rubû, narkabāti
- NUM: arba’i
- VERB-Inf: pêli, šuknuše, napāhi, šapāri, namāri, aṣbate, ba’āri, du’āki, epāše, lāmāri
- Suffixal
- NOUN: šallas, māti, bēli, šēpī, šum, šarrūti, sihirti, kakkī, ummānāti, ūme
- PROPN: zumri
- VERB-Inf: šitapru
- Terminal
- NOUN: bilat, mana, qāta
- Bound
- Subordinative
- Yes
- PART: ni
- VERB-Finite: īšû, ittallaku, ipēlu, apēlu, ipparšidūni, ikšudu, imhuru, inabbû, ipaššiṭu, irammū
- VERB-Stative: šaknū, usbakūni, šaknu, bašû, šaknūni, ṣaprūni, rūqu, tadnūni, šazzūni, šitkunū
- Yes
- Ventive
- Yes
- VERB-Finite: ašlula, uṣabbita, ubla, ušekniša, ittumša, utēra, ētarba, alqâ, attumša, ūrdūni
- VERB-Stative: šuqallula
- Yes
- Verbstem
- D
- VERB: utēr, uṣabbita, ušarrih, ussim, ukīn, utēra, luddiš, umessi, unakkir, lutēr
- VERB-Finite: utēr, uṣabbita, ušarrih, ussim, ukīn, utēra, luddiš, umessi, unakkir, lutēr
- VERB-Inf: uppušu, hulluq, turru, bulluṭ, turri, šunnê
- VERB-Stative: tarruṣū, ṭubbī
- Dt
- VERB-Finite: uštarrih
- VERB-Stative: šutarruhu
- G
- VERB-Finite: attumuš, akšud, adūk, assakan, aqqur, appul, amhur, aqṭirib, aṣbat, aškun
- VERB-Inf: epēš, arāk, pêli, napāhi, šapāri, namāri, nasāh, zakār, ṣabāt, alāku
- VERB-Stative: bēde, bēdāk, šaknū, ṣali, usbakūni, šaknu, labi, dān, bašû, ṣabtat
- Gt
- VERB-Finite: amdahhiṣ, amdahhiṣi, itabbalu, nimdahhiṣi
- VERB-Inf: šitapru
- VERB-Stative: šitkunū
- Gtn
- VERB-Finite: ittallaku, altakkan, attallak, iltakkanu, littasqar, ētappašu, aštamdih, ilteʾʾû, ittanaqqi, ištamdahu
- N
- VERB-Finite: ipparšidūni, attabalkat, ittaklū, ittabalkat, ibbalkitū, ipparšidū, ittabalkutū, ittikil, i’’abit, likkalmū
- VERB-Inf: nanmar
- Ntn
- VERB-Finite: ittatabalkitu
- S
- VERB: ušamqit, ušeklil, šūzub, ušekniša, ušēšib, ušezziz, ušātir, ušaṣbit, ušaṣbis, ušēṣâ
- VERB-Finite: ušamqit, ušeklil, ušekniša, ušēšib, ušezziz, ušātir, ušaṣbit, ušaṣbis, ušēṣâ, ušatlimū
- VERB-Inf: šūzub, šumʾud, šuknuše, šušmur, šuknuši, šūzubu
- VERB-Stative: šuklulat, šuqallulat, šazzūni, šuparruru, šuqallula
- St
- VERB-Finite: uštennû, uštennâ
- Stn
- VERB-Finite: ultanapšaqā, uštanapšaqū
- D
Syntax
Auxiliary Verbs and Copula
- This corpus uses 1 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: anāku.
- This corpus does not contain auxiliaries.
Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).
- nsubj
- VERB--NOUN (2)
- VERB--PRON (1)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN (115)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Acc (3)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Nom (35)
- VERB-Finite--PRON (122)
- VERB-Stative--NOUN (3)
- VERB-Stative--NOUN-Acc (1)
- VERB-Stative--NOUN-Nom (16)
- VERB-Stative--PRON (40)
- obj
- VERB--NOUN (4)
- VERB--NOUN-Acc (1)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN (992)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-ADP(ana) (1)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-ADP(ina) (2)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-ADP(ištu) (1)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Acc (114)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Gen (8)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Gen-ADP(ammar) (2)
- VERB-Finite--NOUN-Nom (167)
- VERB-Finite--PRON (190)
- VERB-Finite--PRON-Acc (2)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN (14)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN-Gen (1)
- VERB-Inf--NOUN-Nom (1)
- VERB-Inf--PRON (2)
- VERB-Stative--NOUN (4)
- VERB-Stative--PRON (5)
- iobj
- VERB-Finite--PRON (1)
Relations Overview
- This corpus uses 4 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, advmod:emph, det:poss, nmod:poss
- The following 11 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: expl, dislocated, aux, clf, flat, compound, list, orphan, goeswith, reparandum, punct