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UD for Latgalian

It is important to note that currently UD guidelines for annotating Latgalian is in a very early stage as not much text has been annotated yet.

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters and punctuation is separated. Description of exceptions follows:

• A whitespace separating digits in a large number is not treated as a word separator. For example, 1 000 000 (“1,000,000” by English rules) is one token.
• Abbreviations without spaces are treated as single words and may contain punctuation (v.tml. “etc.”). In following cases we treat abbreviation as a single token even if whitespace is used between part of abbreviation and punctuation mark: v.tml., N.B., P.S. and P.P.S.
• Double surnames such as Vīke-Freiberga and words abbreviated with dashes such as e-posts “e-mail”, k-dze “Ms.” are tokenized as a single token.
• In Latgalian ordinal numerals are written with punctuation mark without whitespace like abbreviations (1.), so we tokenize ordinal numeral together with punctuation mark as one token.
• Multiple dots (… and .. ) are considered as one token. Multiple ?! are considered one token, ?!… is considered to be two tokens (?! and …).

Paragraph borders from the original text is indicated by comment line # newpar in cases when paragraph borders aligns sentence borders and MISC value NewPar=Yes for the token following mid-sentence paragraph break. MISC value SpaceAfter=No is used to note tokens lacking any whitespace after.

Morphology

Tags

Latgalian uses all 17 universal POS categories.

Particles

PART tag is used for following function words: ar, ari, až, ba, da, dīvamžāļ, dīz, gon, ik, it, kab, kazyn, konče, koč, kod, kuo, lai, laikam, mošeit, mož, na, nabejs, naviņ, naz, nazyn, nui, nā, pat, prūtams, rikti, ta, tak, tik, tikai, to, tok, tože, varbyut, viņ, vys, vīneigi. This list might be expanded in future.

Pronouns and Determiners

Effectively distinguishing PRON and DET categories in Latgalian (similarly as in Latvian) is very hard and currently no clear guidelines has been developed yet. Following the example of Latvian, distinction is done by lemma.

Currently DET are: itei, itys, kaida, kaids, kura, kurs, muna, muns, sova, sovs, tei, tis, toveja, tovejs.

PRON are: es, jei, jis, jī, kas, tu.

These lists will be expanded in future.

Auxiliary Verbs

Latgalian has one auxiliary verb AUX: byut “to be”. The auxiliary verb is used in several types of constructions:

• Analytic word forms of verbs.
• The copula in non-verbal predicates.
• The copula in infinitive predicates.

Byut may still occur as normal VERB if it is used in purely existential sentences or indicate location.

Verbs with modal meaning are not considered auxiliary in Latgalian.

Deverbal Nouns, Participles, Coverbs

Latgalian features rich set of deverbal derivations and not everything has been analized to align with UD guidelines yet. However, deverbal nouns with endings -šona, -šonuos (skrīšona “running”) are tagged as NOUN. Most converbs with endings -ūt, -ūts, -ūte, -ūtīs, -om, -omīs, -dams, -dama, -damīs, -damuos are tagged as VERB or AUX. Most adjectival participles (radzams, aizguojs, nagaideits, valkūšs) are tagged as VERB. Exceptions are lexicalized uses with separate meaning, like prūtams “of course”, acimradzūt “obvious”, which are tagged as PART, and īspiejams “possible”, which is tagged as ADJ.

Features

Nominal Features

• Nominal words (NOUN, PROPN and PRON) have an inherent Gender feature with one of two values: Masc or Fem.
• The following parts of speech inflect for Gender as they must agree with nouns: ADJ, DET, NUM, VERB, AUX. For verbs (including auxiliaries), only participles inflect for Gender. Finite verbs don’t.
• The two main values of the Number feature are Sing and Plur. The following parts of speech inflect for number: NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, VERBand AUX (finite, participles and verbal nouns), marginally NUM. Selected nouns are plurale tantum Ptan or singulare tantum Coll.
• Case has 6 possible values: Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Loc, Voc. It occurs with the nominal words, i.e., NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, NUM, VERB and AUX (participles and verbal nouns).
• Definite has 2 possible values: Ind and Def. The following parts of speech inflect for definitnes: ADJ, NUM, VERB and AUX (participles).

Verbal Features

• There are five main (de)verbal form types, distinguished by the UPOS tag and the value of the VerbForm feature:
  • Infinitive Inf, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Finite verb Fin, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Supine form Sup, tagged VERB or AUX,
  • Participle Part, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Converb Conv, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Verbal noun Vnoun, tagged NOUN.
• Aspect applies only to part of participles (VERB, AUX) and is either imperfective Imp or perfective Perf.
• Finite verbs always have one of five values of Mood: Ind, Imp, Cnd, Qot or Nec.
• Tense is used for verbs and participles:
  • Verbs in the indicative mood always have one of three Tense values: Past, Pres or Fut.
  • Infinitive, imperative, conditional, quotative, and necessitative forms do not have the Tense feature.
  • The Tense feature is also used to distinguish declinable participles (tagged VERB or AUX) into two groups: present participles (zīdūšs “[it is] flowering” and skaitams “[it is] readable”) and past participles (darejs “[he has] been doing” and pasaceits “[it has] been said”).
• There are two values used for the Voice feature: Act and Pass:
  • Passive participles (skaitams “[it is] readable” and pasaceits “[it has] been said”) has Voice=Pass.
  • Finite verb forms and active participles (zīdūšs “[it is] flowering” and darejs “[he has] been doing”) have Voice=Act.
• Evident applies to finite verb forms (VERB, AUX) and depends on value of Mood: quotatives have value Nfh, but indicative have value Fh.

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType is used with pronouns PRON, determiners DET and pronominal adverbs ADV with 8 permissible values: Prs, Rcp, Int, Rel, Dem, Tot, Neg, Ind.
• NumType is used with numerals (also cardinal numbers) NUM, ordinal numbers ADJ, and some adverbs ADV:
  • Numerals and ordinal numbers has one of three possible values: Card, Ord or Frac.
  • Adverbs vīnreiz “once”, divreiz “twice”, treisreiz “thrice”, četrreiz, pīcreiz, sešreiz, septeņreiz, ostoņreiz, deveņreiz, desmitreiz “ten times” has NumType=Mult.
• The Poss feature marks possessive personal pronouns and determiners (e.g., muns “my”) and possessive adjectives (e.g., tovejs “yours”) with value Yes.
• The Reflex feature marks reflexive pronouns seve, sevi.
  • Reflexivity is also marked on reflexive verbs and participles (VERB, e.g., apsamozguot, mozguotīs, apsavāruse, vārusīs).
• Person is marked for pronouns and finite verbs and has three values: 1, 2 and 3.
  • It is a lexical feature of personal pronouns PRON like es “I”, tu “you” (singular), jis “he”, jei “she”, mes “we”, jius “you” (plural), jī “they” (plural, masculine), juos “they” (plural, feminine).
  • It is a lexical feature of personal possessives DET/PRON muns, munejs, munejais “my/mine”, tovs, tovejs, tovejais “your/yours” (singular), myusejs, myusejais “our/ours”, jiusejs, jiusejais “your/yours” (plural).
  • Person is also marked on some demonstrative pronouns with value 3.
  • As a cross-reference to subject, person is also marked on finite verbs (VERB, AUX).
• Foreign is annotated Yes for foreign words X.
• Abbr is annotated Yes for abbreviations, which can be nouns NOUN (DJ), PROPN (NATO), ADJ (gūd. “honored”), VERB (sal. “compare”), ADV (p.Kr. “anno Domini”), SYM (v.tml. “etc.”).

Unused Features

Features not applicable for Latvian:

• Animacy,
• Clusivity,
• NounClass,
• Polite.

Syntax

Core Arguments

• Nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase usually in the nominative case. However:
  • If the noun phrase is quantified, it may be in the genitive, which is required by the quantifier.
  • With predicates nabyut, tryukt, pītikt, natryukt, napītikt noun phrase can be in genitive.
  • A finite subordinate clause may serve as the subject and is labeled csubj.
  • The noun phrase may be in the dative, if the predicate is in the necessitative mood (maņ juosaver spēle “I have to watch the game”) or if the predicate is with modal meaning and has subordinated infinitive (jam vajadzātu pasasteigt “he should hurry”).
• Objects as defined in the Latgalian grammar may be either bare noun phrases in accusative, dative, or genitive, or prepositional phrases in accusative, dative, genitive. All objects are labeled as obj or iobj.
  • However, if the predicate is in the necessitative mood, object may be in nominative (puikam juoatnas iudiņs “the boy has to bring the water.”), and it is labeled as obj.
  • Accusative objects are considered obj.
  • Objects in dative and genitive cases and prepositional objects are considered iobj.

Non-verbal Clauses

The copula verb byut “be” is used in equational and attributional nonverbal clauses. Purely existential clauses (also indicating location) use būt as well, but it is treated as the head of the clause and tagged VERB.

Relations Overview

The following relation subtypes are used in Latgalian:

• nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive verbs
• csubj:pass for clausal subjects of passive verbs
• aux:pass for passive auxiliaries
• flat:foreign for non-first words in quoted foreign phrases
• flat:name for exocentric complex name

The following relation types are not used for Latgalian: clf, dislocated, list, reparandum. However, reparandum should be introduced in future, as appropriate speech texts are annotated.

Treebanks

There is 1 Latgalian UD treebank:

• Latgalian-Cairo

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