cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate and the copular verbs եմ/_em, “to be”. The verbs դառնալ, թվալ, երևալ, ձևանալ, մնալ, հաշվել etc. “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors (վերադրառու բայեր, ստորոգելիական վերադիր),
are not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adverb, or a numeral.
# visual-style 5 3 cop color:blue
1 Քո քո DET _ Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Poss 2 det:poss _ _
2 շունչդ շունչ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2 5 nsubj _ _
3 է եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
4 խնկան խունկ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 5 nmod:poss _ _
5 փոշի փոշ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
# visual-style 2 3 cop color:blue
1 ես ես PRON _ Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _
2 պզտիկ պզտիկ ADJ _ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _
3 էի եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
# visual-style 2 3 cop color:blue
1 նեղերն նեղ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _
2 այս այս PRON _ Case=Nom|Deixis=Prox|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 0 root _ _
3 են եմ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
# visual-style 3 1 cop color:blue
1 լինի լինիլ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 cop _ _
2 ցաւն ցաւ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
3 շատ շատ ADV _ _ 0 root _ _
The nominal predicate may also be expressed using a prepositional phrase, in which the nominal part is the head of the clause.
~~~ conllu
# visual-style 6 7 cop color:blue
1 իւր իւր DET _ Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Poss|Style=Arch 2 det:poss _ _
2 բնակութիւնն բնակութիւն NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
3 հանապազ հանապազ ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ _
4 ի ի ADP _ AdpType=Prep 6 case _ _
5 կաղնի կաղնի NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Dat|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
6 ծառն ծառ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
7 լինի լինիլ AUX _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
Phrases expressing the state of the subject are clear predicates. Under the v2 guidelines, (prepositional) phrases expressing locations are also considered predicates, to increase parallelism across languages.
# visual-style 3 4 cop color:blue
1 ամէնն ամէն PRON _ Case=Nom|PronType=Tot 3 nsubj _ _
2 ի ի ADP _ AdpType=Prep 3 case _ _
3 տեղն տեղ NOUN _ Animacy=Nhum|Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
4 լինի լինիլ VERB _ Aspect=Prosp|Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Subcat=Intr|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Mid 3 cop _ _
cop in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fo] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [id] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [lt] [myv] [naq] [no] [oge] [pcm] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sl] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]