cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible.
In Komi-Zyrian the copula is represented by the independent copulas вӧвны (preterit) and лоны (future). There is no copula in an affirmative declarative sentence in the present tense. See:
Ме велӧдысь . \n I'm a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь, Ме)
However, particle абу is used in a negative declarative sentence in the present.
Ме абу велӧдысь . \n I'm not a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь-3, Ме-1)
advmod(велӧдысь-3, абу-2)
In the preterite and future tenses the copula is obligatory.
Ме лоа велӧдысь . \n I will be a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь, Ме)
cop(велӧдысь, лоа)
The structures are identical, but the verb used as copula is different.
Ме вӧлі велӧдысь . \n I was a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь-3, Ме-1)
cop(велӧдысь-3, вӧлі-2)
In the negative declarative sentences the negation verb is used, as normally in Komi with verbs.
Ме эг вӧв велӧдысь . \n I wasn't a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь-4, Ме-1)
aux(велӧдысь-4, эг-2)
cop(велӧдысь-4, вӧв-3)
Ме ог ло велӧдысь . \n I will not be a teacher .
nsubj(велӧдысь-4, Ме-1)
aux(велӧдысь-4, ог-2)
cop(велӧдысь-4, ло-3)
In locative and existential predication negative particle абу is also used:
Менам абу кань .
obl(кань, Менам)
advmod(кань, абу)
This corresponds to particle эм, used in existential predication:
Менам абу кань . \n I don't have a cat .
obl(кань, Менам)
advmod(кань, абу)
Менам эм кань . \n I have a cat .
obl(кань, Менам)
advmod(кань, эм)
These particles also have plural forms эмӧсь and абуӧсь, which makes other analyses besides a particle also worth considering:
Менам эмӧсь каньяс . \n I have cats .
obl(каньяс, Менам)
advmod(каньяс, эмӧсь)
cop in other languages: [bej] [bg] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fo] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [id] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sl] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]