cop: cop
A cop (copula) is the relation of a function word used to link a subject to a nonverbal predicate. Although some languages also classify other function words as copulas, the Slovene treebanks use the cop relation only for the linking verb biti ‘to be’ in combination with a nominal or adjectival subject complement. The head of the relation is the complement, and the dependent is the linking verb biti.
Začetek izvajanja programa je/AUX odvisen od podpisa sporazuma \n Start of-program implementation is/AUX dependent upon agreement signing
cop(odvisen,je)
nsubj(odvisen,Začetek)
cop(dependent,is)
nsubj(dependent,Start)
Rečna jezera mrtvice so/AUX stalni spremljevalci Mure \n River lakes oxbow-lakes are/AUX constant companions of-Mura
cop(spremljevalci,so)
nsubj(spremljevalci,jezera)
cop(companions,are)
nsubj(companions,lakes)
Da , jaz sem/AUX tisti , ki bi moral biti tukaj \n Yes , I am/AUX the-one , who was supposed-to be here
cop(tisti,sem)
nsubj(tisti,jaz)
cop(the-one,am)
nsubj(the-one,I)
If the sentence also contains other forms of the verb biti, the copula (cop) relation is applied to the non-finite verb form (the -l participle), whereas the finite verb form is analyzed as an auxiliary (aux). Both relations attach to the head of the subject complement.
Niti prijatelja nista/AUX več bila/AUX \n Not-even friends they-not-aux-PAST/AUX anymore were/AUX
cop(prijatelja,bila)
aux(prijatelja,nista)
cop(friends,were)
aux(friends,they-not-aux-PAST)
Slovenian treebanks do not make any distinction between participial adjectives (always labelled as ADJ) in different syntactic roles. Thus, there is no distinction between participles acting as subject complements (e.g., kajenje je prepovedano ‘smoking is prohibited’) and participles used in passive constructions (e.g., kajenje ji je bilo prepovedano ‘smoking was prohibited to her’).
kajenje je/AUX prepovedano \n smoking is/AUX prohibited
cop(prepovedano,je)
nsubj(prepovedano,kajenje)
cop(prohibited,is)
nsubj(prohibited,smoking)
kajenje ji je/AUX bilo/AUX prepovedano \n smoking for-her aux-PAST/AUX was/AUX prohibited
cop(prepovedano,bilo)
aux(prepovedano,je)
nsubj(prepovedano,kajenje)
cop(prohibited,was)
aux(prohibited,aux-PAST)
nsubj(prohibited,smoking)
As a legacy of the JOS annotation system, predicative constructions with prepositional phrases (e.g. biti v formi ‘to be in shape’) or adverbs (e.g. to ni prav ‘this is not correct’) are currently not analyzed as copula constructions, as priority is given to form over semantics of biti. Therefore, both biti v formi ‘to be in shape’ and biti v sobi ‘to be in a room’ are analyzed in the same way, with biti ‘to be’ tagged as VERB and treated as the head of the dependent prepositional phrase (obl).
cop in other languages: [bej] [bg] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fo] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [id] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sl] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]