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UD Manx Cadhan

Language: Manx (code: gv)
Family: Indo-European, Celtic

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.7 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Kevin Scannell.

Repository: UD_Manx-Cadhan
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.13

License: GNU GPL 3.0

Genre: news, fiction, nonfiction, blog, social, wiki, web, bible

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Manx-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [kscanne (æt) gmail • com]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS annotated manually
Features annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

This is the Cadhan Aonair UD treebank for Manx Gaelic, created by Kevin Scannell.

The sentences in the original treebank (UD v2.7) came from a large web-crawled corpus of Manx consisting of more than 8M words of text. This corpus was segmented by sentences, shuffled, and then 300 random sentences were chosen to be tagged. I believe that the web corpus is nearly comprehensive, which is to say it contains virtually all non-trivial Manx language texts on the open web. Therefore, the initial release of the UD corpus was as close as possible to a “random sample” of Manx on the web. As such, the Bible is heavily represented, but there are also quite a few sentences from modern sources such as the Manx Wikipedia, news stories from Manx Radio, blog posts, translations of literature, etc.

All POS tags and dependency annotations in the initial release were added manually. The upstream source code and datasets supporting the treebank can be found here.

The treebank was expanded greatly for UD v2.8, released in May 2021. Most of the new sentences in this release came from Phil Kelly’s Manx “usage file”, taken from example sentences in various Manx-English dictionaries. Full morphological features were added to this release as well.

Only a test file was provided for releases 2.7 through 2.10. With v2.11 (November 2022), we randomly resplit the corpus into test and train files with about 10k tokens each, following the recommendation of the UD maintainers. This means that any experiments run on earlier versions of the treebank would need to be rerun with the new split.

Acknowledgments

I created the treebank while visiting Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge in Carna, Co. na Gaillimhe as a Fulbright Scholar. All of the work was done during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ireland.

I am grateful to the staff at the Acadamh in Carna for their hospitality during my visit, to the Fulbright Program for the financial support which made it possible, and to Saint Louis University for a much-needed sabbatical leave.

Thanks also to Teresa Lynn and Colin Batchelor for their work on the Irish and Scottish Gaelic treebanks, respectively. Since all three Goidelic languages are grammatically very similar, I was able to consult their work when deciding how to resolve tricky annotation problems.

References

Statistics of UD Manx Cadhan

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – SYM – VERB – X

Features

Case – Definite – Degree – Form – Gender – Mood – Number – PartType – Person – Polarity – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – Typo

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – case – cc – ccomp – compound – conj – cop – csubj:cleft – csubj:cop – dep – det – discourse – fixed – flat – flat:foreign – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – obl:tmod – orphan – parataxis – punct – reparandum – root – vocative – xcomp – xcomp:pred

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

Relations Overview