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csubj:cleft: relative clause modifier

Irish cleft constructions use a copula and are analysed in line with other copular construction: COP PRED SUBJ. In contrast to English, Irish clefts are much less restrictive with regards to the type of element that can be fronted: nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbial phrases, adjectives and verbal nouns. Note that the verbal particle that introduces csubj:cleft is always labelled mark:prt.

Examples

Nominal fronting

Is leabhar a thug sí dom ‘It is a book that she gave me’

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input
    
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info
  
Is leabhar a thug sí dom \n is book [] gave she to_me
csubj:cleft(leabhar, thug)
mark:prt(thug, a)
cop(leabhar, Is)
{
    "text": "Is leabhar a thug sí dom \n is book [] gave she to_me ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 18, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 27, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 30, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 35, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 38, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 43, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 47, 52 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "mark:prt", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

NOTE: Relative clauses may also be clefted. As shown below, the relative clause is raised to predicate level when it occurs in the predicate position in a copular phrase.

Is í Croinic Thomáis Eccleston is foinse do sheoladh na litreach seo `The Chronicle of Thomas Eccleston is the source of the sending of this letter’

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ROOT Is í Croinic Thomáis Eccleston is foinse do sheoladh na litreach seo \n Is it(fem) Chronicle of_Thomas Eccleston []  source of sending of_the letter this
csubj:cleft(Croinic, foinse)
root(ROOT, Croinic)
{
    "text": "ROOT Is í Croinic Thomáis Eccleston is foinse do sheoladh na litreach seo \n Is it(fem) Chronicle of_Thomas Eccleston [] source of sending of_the letter this ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 8, 9 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 58, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 61, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 70, 73 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T15", "token", [ [ 76, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T16", "token", [ [ 79, 86 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T17", "token", [ [ 87, 96 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T18", "token", [ [ 97, 106 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T19", "token", [ [ 107, 116 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T20", "token", [ [ 117, 119 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T21", "token", [ [ 120, 126 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T22", "token", [ [ 127, 129 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T23", "token", [ [ 130, 137 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T24", "token", [ [ 138, 144 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T25", "token", [ [ 145, 151 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T26", "token", [ [ 152, 156 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

Is é Michael D. Higgins ba chionsiocair leis an Roinn a bhunú sa bhliain 1992. `Michael D. Higgins was the driving force behind the establishment of the Department in 1992.

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ROOT Is é Michael D Higgins ba chionsiocair leis an Roinn a bhunú sa bhliain 1992. \n ROOT Is it(masc) Michael D Higgins [] primary_cause with the Department to establish in_the year 1992.
root(ROOT, Michael)
csubj:cleft(Michael, chionsiocair)
csubj:cop(chionsiocair, bhunú)
{
    "text": "ROOT Is é Michael D Higgins ba chionsiocair leis an Roinn a bhunú sa bhliain 1992. \n ROOT Is it(masc) Michael D Higgins [] primary_cause with the Department to establish in_the year 1992. ",
    "entities": [
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        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 5, 7 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-3-T20", "token", [ [ 93, 101 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T21", "token", [ [ 102, 109 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T22", "token", [ [ 110, 111 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T23", "token", [ [ 112, 119 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T24", "token", [ [ 120, 122 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T25", "token", [ [ 123, 136 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T26", "token", [ [ 137, 141 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T27", "token", [ [ 142, 145 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T28", "token", [ [ 146, 156 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-3-T32", "token", [ [ 177, 181 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T33", "token", [ [ 182, 187 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R3", "csubj:cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T13" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Adverbial fronting

Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é ‘It is within a year that it will be done’

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Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é \n is within a year [] will_be_done it
csubj:cleft(laistigh, déanfar)
mark:prt(déanfar, a)
cop(laistigh, Is)
{
    "text": "Is laistigh de bhliain a déanfar é \n is within a year [] will_be_done it ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 23, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 33, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 40, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 47, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 49, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 54, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 57, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T15", "token", [ [ 70, 72 ] ] ]
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    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "mark:prt", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R3", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

Prepositional phrase fronting

Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é `It is in the park that I saw him’

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info
  
Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é \n is in_the park [] saw I him
csubj:cleft(pháirc, chonaic)
mark:prt(chonaic, a)
cop(pháirc, Is)
{
    "text": "Is sa pháirc a chonaic mé é \n is in_the park [] saw I him ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T5", "token", [ [ 15, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T9", "token", [ [ 30, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T10", "token", [ [ 33, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T11", "token", [ [ 40, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T12", "token", [ [ 45, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T13", "token", [ [ 48, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T14", "token", [ [ 52, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T15", "token", [ [ 54, 57 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R2", "mark:prt", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R3", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

Adjective predicate fronting

Is mó atá sí siúd ina ghá ná sinne anso. `She is needed here more than we are.’

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info
  
Is mó atá sí siúd ina ghá ná sinne anso. \n Is more that_is she [emph] in_its need than us_[emph] here.
csubj:cleft(mó, atá)
cop(mó, Is)
{
    "text": "Is mó atá sí siúd ina ghá ná sinne anso. \n Is more that_is she [emph] in_its need than us_[emph] here. ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T4", "token", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T5", "token", [ [ 13, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T6", "token", [ [ 18, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T7", "token", [ [ 22, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T8", "token", [ [ 26, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T9", "token", [ [ 29, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T10", "token", [ [ 35, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T12", "token", [ [ 43, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T13", "token", [ [ 46, 50 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T14", "token", [ [ 51, 58 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T15", "token", [ [ 59, 62 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T16", "token", [ [ 63, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T17", "token", [ [ 70, 76 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T18", "token", [ [ 77, 81 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T19", "token", [ [ 82, 86 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T20", "token", [ [ 87, 96 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-T21", "token", [ [ 97, 102 ] ] ]
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    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ]
}

NOTE: In phrases where the adjectival predicate is fronted, the noun should still be treated as the predicate with the adjective demoted to adjectival modifier dependent on that noun/the head of the noun phrase.

Is iomaí seift atá á lorg ag údaráis phoiblí ar fud an domhain… `Public authorities all over the world are looking for numerous ways to…’

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Is iomaí seift atá á lorg ag údaráis phoiblí ar fud an domhain \n Is many trick that_are at_her looking by authorities pub on whole of_the world 
csubj:cleft(seift, atá)
cop(seift, Is)
amod(seift, iomaí)
{
    "text": "Is iomaí seift atá á lorg ag údaráis phoiblí ar fud an domhain \n Is many trick that_are at_her looking by authorities pub on whole of_the world ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 14 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-7-T6", "token", [ [ 21, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T7", "token", [ [ 26, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T8", "token", [ [ 29, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T10", "token", [ [ 45, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T11", "token", [ [ 48, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T12", "token", [ [ 52, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T13", "token", [ [ 55, 62 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T15", "token", [ [ 65, 67 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T16", "token", [ [ 68, 72 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T17", "token", [ [ 73, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T18", "token", [ [ 79, 87 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-7-T26", "token", [ [ 131, 137 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-T27", "token", [ [ 138, 143 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-R3", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ]
}

NOTE

Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether to use the csubj:cleft label or the acl:relcl label for certain phrases. Here are a few steps to help determine which label to use.

1. Check to see if it follows the copula-predicate-subject order-if so then it is likely to be a cleft.
2. If the phrase is fronted for emphatic reasons then is is likely to be a cleft.
3. Categorise by how it’s fronted (PP, NP, AdvP, AdjP)- if it is a fronted NP, then it is more likely to be either a relative clause or a cleft. If the NP consists of an augment pronoun and a noun it is a cleft. However, if the first noun is not an augment pronoun and is being equated with the second NP, then the second NP has an embedded relative clause.

Emphatic (cleft)

Is ise a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ‘It is her who put Dick Spring in charge of the Department of Education’

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Is ise a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais
csubj:cleft(ise, chuir)
{
    "text": "Is ise a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-8-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T4", "token", [ [ 9, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T5", "token", [ [ 15, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T7", "token", [ [ 27, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T8", "token", [ [ 29, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T9", "token", [ [ 34, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T10", "token", [ [ 37, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-8-T11", "token", [ [ 44, 54 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-8-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-8-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-8-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "8" ]
}

Augment Pronoun (cleft)

Is í Máire a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ‘It is Máire who put Dick Spring in charge of the Department of Education’

í ‘her’ is an augment pronoun - not to be confused with an object predication clause.

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info
  
Is í Máire a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais
csubj:cleft(Máire, chuir)
{
    "text": "Is í Máire a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-9-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T3", "token", [ [ 5, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T4", "token", [ [ 11, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T5", "token", [ [ 13, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T6", "token", [ [ 19, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T7", "token", [ [ 24, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T8", "token", [ [ 31, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T10", "token", [ [ 38, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T11", "token", [ [ 41, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-9-T12", "token", [ [ 48, 58 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-9-R1", "csubj:cleft", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-9-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-9-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "9" ]
}

Object predication followed by relative clause (not cleft but easily confused!)

• (ise ‘she’ & té ‘the person’)

Is ise an té a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ‘She is the person who put Dick Spring in charge of the Department of Education’

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input
    
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info
  
Is ise an té a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais
acl:relcl(té, chuir)
{
    "text": "Is ise an té a chuir Dick Spring i mbun na Roinne Oideachais ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-10-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T4", "token", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T5", "token", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T6", "token", [ [ 15, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T7", "token", [ [ 21, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T8", "token", [ [ 26, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T9", "token", [ [ 33, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T10", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T11", "token", [ [ 40, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T12", "token", [ [ 43, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-10-T13", "token", [ [ 50, 60 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-10-R1", "acl:relcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-10-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-10-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "10" ]
}

---

csubj:cleft in other languages: [ga] [gd] [gv] [la]

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