Mood: mood
Ind: indicative
The indicative mood is used to make statements.
Examples
- [ess] Afsengaq neghtuq pagunghaghmeng. “A mouse ate crowberries.”
Opt: optative
The optative mood is used to make commands and suggestions (also imperative for 2nd person subjects).
Examples
- [ess] Igaghyaghqaq egtigu. “Throw the paper away.”
Int: interrogative
The interrogative mood is used to ask yes/no questions with question words, such as when and why, or other types of questions without question words.
Examples
- [ess] Sanaqsin? “What are you going to do?”
- [ess] Qafsinaneng ighnelguzin? “How many sons do you have?”
Ptc: participial
In the main clause, the participial mood is used to convey the meaning of a vivid past, the events of which have usually not been witnessed by the speaker. In subordinate clauses, the participial mood has a causal meaning.
Examples
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[ess] Ayumiq uukna mayeraaghpagtuyalghii. “Long ago there were giants in this area.”
-
[ess] Quyakamken laalighlleghhiiten. “I am glad you came to visit.”
Obl: participial-oblique
The participial-oblique mood is often - though apparently not always - used to form an observational construction (…) In some cases, however, it appears that the participial-oblique mood is used to express merely a casual linking in time, without the element of observation. (Jacobson, p. 121)
[W]hen used in the subordinate clause, the main clause describes an event focused on because it is unexpected or contains an element of surprise. As a result, the Participial Oblique moods are more accurately translated as ‘it was the fact (in the past) that…, but…’; ‘until now…’; ‘now that…’, and the main clause often contains interjections expressing excitement, particles meaning ‘already’, or the postbase -fte- l-pete- ‘to apparently V’. In addition, the clause in a Participial Oblique mood often contains particles such as taagken ‘next; and then’ or legan ‘and so’, emphasizing continuity with preceding events. Thus, the Participial Oblique moods prevent the focus of attention from being shifted toward the subordinate clause and away from the continuity of events or story line described by the main clause. They are used in vivid narrative, such as traditional stories, but also in conversation. (de Reuse 1994, p. 50)
Examples
- [ess] Mamlegpetuq esghaghyalghiinga. “(I observed or realized that) It was dark when I opened my eyes.”
- [ess] Tungsighyaghtughyaqennguq neghumakanga. “When you went to ask for it, he had eaten it.”
Sbr: intransitive subordinative
The intransitive subordinative mood is translated as ‘V-ing’ or ‘after V-ing’. When it is used in a subordinate clause, the subject of the verb is the same as the subject of the verb in the main clause. It can be used instead of the indicative mood (or the optative mood for requests or commands) in the main clause in hurried conversation or narrative.
Examples
- [ess] Aakaqa estugaghtuq yavluni tasluqluku tukfighinaluni laluwaaymeng. “My sister went to the store holding her boyfriend’s hand in order to buy onions.”
Prc: precessive
The precessive mood is translated as ‘before one V-ed or V-s’.
Examples
- [ess] Quginakanka uyviinghet kaatfagilgata. “I am spooked out from the evil-doing shamans before they arrive.”
Cnc: concessive
The concessive mood is translated as ‘even though one V-s’.
Examples
- [ess] Mekelghiiq aanumalghii mangteghameng amsikaghngaghngaaghmi. “The boy apparently went out of the house even though he was naked.”
Cn1: consequential I
The consequential I mood is translated as ‘when one V-ed’.
Examples
- [ess] Ighneqa qiyaaq aghyuughyavgu. “My son cried when you scolded him.”
Cn2: consequential II
The consequential II mood is translated as ‘while one was V-ing’.
Examples
- [ess] Qavaghniinga laalightaqngavnga. “I became sleepy while you were visiting me.”
Ctm: contemporative
The contemporative mood is translated as ‘whenever one Vs’.
Examples
- [ess] Qaviigatukung qikmiten qilunghata. “We don’t sleep whenever your dogs bark.”
Cnd: conditional
The conditional mood is translated as ‘if or when one Vs’.
Examples
- [ess] Neghenghilkuvek iyataghllequten. “If you don’t eat, you will get hungry.”
References
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Steven A. Jacobson. 2001. A Practical Grammar of the St. Lawrence Island / Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language, Preliminary Edition, 2nd edition. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska.
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Willem J. de Reuse. 1994. Siberian Yupik Eskimo – The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi. Studies in Indigenous Languages of the Americas. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Mood in other languages: [ab] [akk] [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [mdf] [myv] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ru] [say] [sl] [sv] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [ug] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl]