This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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Aspect: aspect

Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc.

In Czech, aspect is considered a lexical feature of verbs. While many imperfective verbs have morphologically related perfective counterparts, it is not a regular system and the two verbs are represented by different lemmas.

Imp: imperfect aspect

The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.

Examples

Perf: perfect aspect

The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. Czech morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.

Examples

Diffs

Prague Dependency Treebank

The PDT tagset does not encode aspect. However, verb lemmas in PDT contain their own features that encode the aspect: _:T = Imp and _:W = Perf. These lemma features were removed during conversion, and the Aspect feature was introduced instead.

Unfortunately the morphological lexicon underlying the PDT annotation is incomplete and numerous verbs lack the aspect information. Without this imperfection there would be only a tiny group of verbs that work with both aspects.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.

91937 tokens (6%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 21909 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 5626 lemmas (10%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 5 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (87377; 6% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4498; 0% instances), cs-pos/AUX (59; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances).

VERB

87377 cs-pos/VERB tokens (53% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Negative=Pos (81611; 93%), Voice=Act (64356; 74%), Gender=EMPTY (52610; 60%), Person=EMPTY (51805; 59%), Mood=EMPTY (51805; 59%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Paradigm říciImpPerf
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actneřekli
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actřekli
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actřekly
Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actneřekl
Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actřekl
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actneřekla
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actřekla
Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actneřeklo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actřeklo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passřečeno
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=FinŘekni
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Finřekněme
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Finřekněte
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actneřeknu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actneřekne
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actneřeknou
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actřeknu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actřekne
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actřekneme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actřeknete
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Actřeknou
Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Actřkouce
Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Infříci, říct

Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (4682) occur only with one value of Aspect.

ADJ

4498 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (2% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4498; 100%), Negative=Pos (4367; 97%), Number=Sing (2627; 58%), Gender=Masc (2336; 52%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (940) occur only with one value of Aspect.

AUX

59 cs-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (59; 100%), Negative=Pos (56; 95%), Gender=EMPTY (47; 80%), Tense=Pres (47; 80%), Person=3 (46; 78%), Mood=Ind (46; 78%), VerbForm=Fin (46; 78%), Number=Sing (37; 63%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

NOUN

2 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Animacy=EMPTY (2; 100%), Negative=Pos (2; 100%), Number=Sing (2; 100%), Gender=Neut (2; 100%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

ADP

1 cs-pos/ADP tokens (0% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADP and Aspect co-occurred: AdpType=Comprep (1; 100%), Case=EMPTY (1; 100%).

ADP tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Relations with Agreement in Aspect

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect: VERB –[mark]–> VERB (1; 100%).


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 2 different values: Imp, Perf.

29661 tokens (6%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 11157 types (18%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 3679 lemmas (13%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 5 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (27478; 6% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (2143; 0% instances), cs-pos/AUX (25; 0% instances), cs-pos/CONJ (9; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN (6; 0% instances).

VERB

27478 cs-pos/VERB tokens (52% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Negative=Pos (26026; 95%), Voice=Act (19428; 71%), Gender=EMPTY (19027; 69%), Mood=EMPTY (13823; 50%), Person=EMPTY (13823; 50%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Aspect seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (3138) occur only with one value of Aspect.

ADJ

2143 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (3% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (2143; 100%), Negative=Pos (2112; 99%), Number=Sing (1119; 52%), Gender=Masc (1095; 51%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (539) occur only with one value of Aspect.

AUX

25 cs-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Voice=Act (25; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (22; 88%), Negative=Pos (22; 88%), Mood=Ind (21; 84%), Tense=Pres (21; 84%), Person=3 (21; 84%), VerbForm=Fin (21; 84%), Number=Sing (20; 80%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

CONJ

9 cs-pos/CONJ tokens (0% of all CONJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

CONJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

NOUN

6 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Aspect co-occurred: Case=Gen (6; 100%), Animacy=EMPTY (6; 100%), Negative=Pos (6; 100%), Gender=Fem (5; 83%), Number=Plur (5; 83%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Aspect:


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 1 different values: Imp.

289 tokens (1%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 83 types (2%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 51 lemmas (2%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/ADJ (288; 1% instances), cs-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).

ADJ

288 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (4% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Aspect co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (288; 100%), Negative=Pos (286; 99%), Number=Sing (177; 61%), Animacy=EMPTY (172; 60%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Aspect seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (50) occur only with one value of Aspect.

VERB

1 cs-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (1; 100%), Gender=Masc (1; 100%), Tense=Pres (1; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (1; 100%), Negative=Pos (1; 100%), Voice=Act (1; 100%), Number=Sing (1; 100%), VerbForm=Trans (1; 100%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:


Aspect in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]