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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. Adpositions belong to a closed set of items that occur before (preposition) or after (postposition) a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and that form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.

In many languages, as Portuguese, adpositions can take the form of fixed multiword expressions, such as graças a, por causa de (“thanks to”, “because of”).

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)

There are 54 ADP lemmas (0%), 51 ADP types (0%) and 35734 ADP tokens (16%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: de, em, a, por, para, com, entre, sobre, sem, até

The 10 most frequent ADP types: de, em, a, por, para, com, entre, sobre, sem, até

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: de (ADP 17637, ADV 1), a (ADP 3789, DET 315, PRON 36, ADV 1, PROPN 1), por (ADP 2197, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), até (ADP 194, ADV 58, NOUN 7), segundo (ADP 194, ADJ 104, NOUN 11, ADV 6), contra (ADP 134, ADV 3, NOUN 3, PROPN 1), desde (ADP 90, NOUN 32), após (ADP 83, ADV 1), como (ADV 565, ADP 80, SCONJ 63), (ADP 33, NOUN 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: de (ADP 17495, ADV 1), a (DET 9811, ADP 3672, PRON 91, PROPN 1, ADV 1), por (ADP 2090, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), entre (ADP 331, VERB 1), até (ADP 174, ADV 50, NOUN 7), segundo (ADP 75, ADJ 55, NOUN 4, ADV 4), contra (ADP 131, ADV 3, NOUN 2, PROPN 1), desde (ADP 76, NOUN 24), após (ADP 72, ADV 1), como (ADV 538, ADP 56, SCONJ 55)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 0.944444 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.432674).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, e.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “de”: d’, de.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “em”: em, peixes.

ADP occurs with 4 features: pt-feat/AdpType (35734; 100% instances), PronType (141; 0% instances), Definite (67; 0% instances), pt-feat/Typo (3; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 5 feature-value pairs: AdpType=Prep, AdpType=Preppron, Definite=Def, PronType=Rel, Typo=Yes

ADP occurs with 4 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is AdpType=Prep (35523 tokens). Examples: de, em, a, por, para, com, entre, sobre, sem, até

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: case (31301; 88% instances), mark (2882; 8% instances), mwe (919; 3% instances), advmod (547; 2% instances), nmod (32; 0% instances), root (11; 0% instances), conj (7; 0% instances), dobj (7; 0% instances), det (6; 0% instances), dep (5; 0% instances), xcomp (4; 0% instances), name (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/advmod:emph (2; 0% instances), acl (1; 0% instances), amod (1; 0% instances), aux (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), compound (1; 0% instances), cop (1; 0% instances), csubj (1; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: NOUN (21509; 60% instances), PROPN (7023; 20% instances), VERB (3344; 9% instances), ADV (891; 2% instances), NUM (840; 2% instances), PRON (777; 2% instances), ADJ (466; 1% instances), DET (347; 1% instances), ADP (307; 1% instances), SYM (203; 1% instances), ROOT (11; 0% instances), CONJ (9; 0% instances), SCONJ (3; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

34386 (96%) ADP nodes are leaves.

831 (2%) ADP nodes have one child.

471 (1%) ADP nodes have two children.

46 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 9.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 22 different relations: mwe (1756; 90% instances), nmod (60; 3% instances), punct (30; 2% instances), advmod (20; 1% instances), cc (16; 1% instances), conj (16; 1% instances), nsubj (11; 1% instances), case (10; 1% instances), dep (9; 0% instances), cop (8; 0% instances), dobj (4; 0% instances), mark (4; 0% instances), acl (3; 0% instances), amod (3; 0% instances), advcl (2; 0% instances), det (2; 0% instances), neg (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/advmod:emph (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), compound (1; 0% instances), nummod (1; 0% instances), xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (1159; 59% instances), ADP (307; 16% instances), SCONJ (118; 6% instances), ADV (110; 6% instances), DET (86; 4% instances), ADJ (59; 3% instances), PRON (30; 2% instances), PUNCT (30; 2% instances), VERB (21; 1% instances), PROPN (18; 1% instances), CONJ (16; 1% instances), NUM (4; 0% instances), SYM (3; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-Bosque)

There are 113 ADP lemmas (1%), 114 ADP types (0%) and 36530 ADP tokens (16%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 7 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

The 10 most frequent ADP types: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: de (ADP 17622, NOUN 5, ADJ 2, PROPN 1), em (ADP 6383, NOUN 3, ADJ 1), a (ADP 4090, PRON 30, PROPN 27, DET 14, NOUN 4, ADV 2), por (ADP 2009, NOUN 135, PROPN 4, ADV 1), para (ADP 1964, NOUN 1, ADV 1), com (ADP 1573, NOUN 1), como (ADP 423, ADV 225, NOUN 32, SCONJ 24), sobre (ADP 349, PROPN 5), sem (ADP 214, PROPN 3), até (ADP 200, ADV 58, NOUN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: de (ADP 17517, NOUN 5, ADJ 2, PROPN 1), em (ADP 5866, NOUN 3, ADJ 1), a (DET 9579, ADP 4007, PRON 89, PROPN 27, NOUN 4, ADV 2), por (ADP 1951, NOUN 135, PROPN 4, ADV 1), para (ADP 1840, ADV 1, NOUN 1), com (ADP 1489, NOUN 1), como (ADP 403, ADV 201, NOUN 32, SCONJ 10), entre (ADP 331, VERB 1), sobre (ADP 343, PROPN 5), sem (ADP 193, PROPN 3)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.008850 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.449059).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, e.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “de”: d’, de.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “em”: em, peixes.

ADP occurs with 1 features: PronType (40; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: PronType=Rel

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (36490 tokens). Examples: de, em, a, por, para, com, como, entre, sobre, sem

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 9 different relations: case (33389; 91% instances), mark (2414; 7% instances), nmod (669; 2% instances), mwe (19; 0% instances), dobj (18; 0% instances), conj (11; 0% instances), dep (5; 0% instances), parataxis (4; 0% instances), nsubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (23675; 65% instances), PROPN (7153; 20% instances), VERB (2878; 8% instances), PRON (1077; 3% instances), NUM (722; 2% instances), ADV (457; 1% instances), ADJ (408; 1% instances), SYM (109; 0% instances), ADP (21; 0% instances), DET (21; 0% instances), SCONJ (7; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances)

36460 (100%) ADP nodes are leaves.

56 (0%) ADP nodes have one child.

12 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

2 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 4.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 11 different relations: punct (29; 33% instances), mark (13; 15% instances), mwe (13; 15% instances), nmod (10; 11% instances), case (7; 8% instances), det (6; 7% instances), remnant (6; 7% instances), advmod (1; 1% instances), aux (1; 1% instances), conj (1; 1% instances), dep (1; 1% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: PUNCT (29; 33% instances), ADP (21; 24% instances), SCONJ (12; 14% instances), NOUN (10; 11% instances), DET (6; 7% instances), PROPN (4; 5% instances), PRON (3; 3% instances), ADV (1; 1% instances), AUX (1; 1% instances), VERB (1; 1% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-BR)

There are 1 ADP lemmas (7%), 156 ADP types (0%) and 51928 ADP tokens (17%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 2 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: _

The 10 most frequent ADP types: de, do, da, em, para, no, com, na, a, por

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: _ (NOUN 57316, ADP 51928, PUNCT 42033, PROPN 32948, VERB 29700, DET 26122, ADJ 15107, CONJ 10984, ADV 9773, NUM 8491, PRON 7392, AUX 5242, PART 748, X 539)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: de (ADP 12760, CONJ 2, PROPN 1, DET 1, PRON 1, VERB 1), do (ADP 5171, X 21, CONJ 1), da (ADP 4056, X 4, PROPN 1), em (ADP 3411, ADV 1), para (ADP 2973, AUX 2, NOUN 1, PART 1, VERB 1), no (ADP 2552, X 8, PRON 2, NOUN 1), na (ADP 2161, NOUN 3, X 2), a (DET 5338, ADP 1658, PRON 64, VERB 5, X 2, PROPN 1, CONJ 1), por (ADP 1381, X 1, VERB 1), dos (ADP 1227, X 7)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 156.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2514.000000).

The 1st highest number of forms (156) was observed with the lemma “_”: 2003.Com, Afora, D., VS, a, ad, al, ante, ao, aos, após, aquela, as, at, atrasados, atua, até, aux, c, cm, com, coma, como, conforme, conta, contra, d, d’, da, daMúsica, dada, dado, dali, daquela, daquelas, daquele, daqui, das, daí, de, de16, deAssuntos, deixa, del, dele, della, dello, dentre, des, desde, dessa, dessas, desse, desses, desta, destas, deste, destes, detre, devido, di, disso, do, donde, dos, doutros, du, dum, duma, durante, durnte, e, em, en, enorme, enquanto, entre, eo, espirra, exceto, for, fora, from, in, m, me, mediante, mesmo, mx, médicas, n’alma, na, naquela, naquele, naqueles, nas, nessa, nessas, nesse, nesses, nesta, nestas, neste, nestes, no, nos, num, numa, o, of, olhos, para, paraestudantes, paras, pecados, pela, pelas, pelo, pelos, per, perante, perantes, polo, polos, por, post, pous, pra, pro, pôr, quando, quanto, que, resultados, sabe, salvo, se, segundo, sem, senão, sob, sobre, sub, sulla, sur, tal, to, upon, via, à, àquela, àqueles, às, á, ás, útil.

ADP does not occur with any features.

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: case (47319; 91% instances), mark (3787; 7% instances), mwe (612; 1% instances), nmod (159; 0% instances), dep (20; 0% instances), advmod (15; 0% instances), amod (3; 0% instances), det (3; 0% instances), advcl (2; 0% instances), cc (2; 0% instances), ccomp (2; 0% instances), root (2; 0% instances), iobj (1; 0% instances), name (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: NOUN (31029; 60% instances), PROPN (13266; 26% instances), VERB (3395; 7% instances), NUM (1926; 4% instances), ADV (1021; 2% instances), PRON (853; 2% instances), ADP (179; 0% instances), ADJ (134; 0% instances), PART (90; 0% instances), X (25; 0% instances), DET (4; 0% instances), CONJ (3; 0% instances), ROOT (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances)

51479 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

255 (0%) ADP nodes have one child.

158 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

36 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 8.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 20 different relations: mwe (496; 71% instances), nmod (66; 10% instances), punct (45; 6% instances), dobj (15; 2% instances), advmod (11; 2% instances), amod (9; 1% instances), appos (8; 1% instances), nsubj (8; 1% instances), case (7; 1% instances), conj (7; 1% instances), nummod (5; 1% instances), cc (4; 1% instances), name (4; 1% instances), det (2; 0% instances), iobj (2; 0% instances), acl:part (1; 0% instances), acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), ccomp (1; 0% instances), dep (1; 0% instances), det:poss (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (211; 30% instances), ADP (179; 26% instances), CONJ (151; 22% instances), PUNCT (45; 6% instances), PROPN (34; 5% instances), ADV (22; 3% instances), DET (17; 2% instances), ADJ (9; 1% instances), NUM (9; 1% instances), VERB (9; 1% instances), PRON (4; 1% instances), X (4; 1% instances)


ADP in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]