PART: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation. Particles are normally not inflected, although exceptions may occur.
Note that the PART tag does not cover so-called verbal particles
in Germanic languages, as in give in or end up.
These are adpositions or adverbs by origin and are tagged accordingly
ADP or ADV. Separable verb prefixes in German are treated
analogically.
Note that not all function words that are traditionally called
particles in Japanese automatically qualify for the PART tag. Some
of them do, e.g. the question particle か / ka. Others (e.g. に /
ni, の / no) are parallel to adpositions in other languages and
should thus be tagged ADP.
In general, the PART tag should be used restrictively and only when
no other tag is possible. The language-specific documentation
should list the words classified as PART in the given language.
Examples
- Possessive marker: [en] ‘s
- Negation particle: [en] not; [de] nicht
- Question particle: [ja] か / ka (adding this particle to the end of a clause turns the clause into a question); [tr] mu
- Sentence modality: [cs] ať, kéž, nechť (Let’s do it! If only I could do it over. May you have an enjoyable stay!)
References
PART in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kpv] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]