acl: clausal modifier of noun
Clausal modifiers of nouns, with the bare acl relation, do not have relative pronouns dependent to them (those take the deprel acl:relcl). The head is the noun being modified, and the dependent is the head of the clausal modifier, which is usually the main verb.
ਤੁਰਦੀ ਰੇਲ ਗੱਡੀ \n moving rail car
compound(ਗੱਡੀ, ਰੇਲ)
compound(rail, car)
acl(ਗੱਡੀ, ਤੁਰਦੀ)
acl(car, moving)
ਬੈਠਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਮੁੰਡਾ \n sitting being boy
acl(ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਬੈਠਿਆ)
acl(boy, sitting)
aux(ਬੈਠਿਆ, ਹੋਇਆ)
aux(sitting, being)
Clausal modifiers can take some arguments, but the subject can never take the ergative case, instead a passive agentive case marker like ਵੱਲੋਂ vallõ.
ਸੱਸ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਨੂੰਹ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਅਸ਼ੀਰਵਾਦ \n mother.in.law by daughter.in.law DAT given blessings
nsubj:pass(ਦਿੱਤੇ, ਸੱਸ)
nsubj:pass(given, mother.in.law)
iobj(ਦਿੱਤੇ, ਨੂੰਹ)
iobj(given, daughter.in.law)
acl(ਅਸ਼ੀਰਵਾਦ, ਦਿੱਤੇ)
acl(blessings, given)
With case markers and postpositions
The postposition ਵਾਲਾ vālā marks such clausal modifiers, with a habitual connotation, as well.
ਆਖਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਮੁੰਡਾ \n saying (vālā) boy
acl(ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਆਖਣ)
acl(boy, saying)
mark(ਆਖਣ, ਵਾਲਾ)
mark(saying, (vālā))
Other cases can also be used. For example, the genitive with topic/information content of the head nominal.
ਭਾਰਤ ਜਾਣ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ \n India going GEN talk
acl(ਗੱਲ, ਜਾਣ)
acl(talk, going)
obl(ਜਾਣ, ਭਾਰਤ)
obl(going, India)
mark(ਜਾਣ, ਦੀ)
mark(going, GEN)
acl in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [ml] [no] [pa] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]