xcomp: core secondary predication
(This page is still referring to the pred subtype, which was subsumed under the simple xcomp relation. It remains valid for this particular case and will be expanded.)
The pred subrelation aims at unitarily representing the phenomenon of secondary predications (also “conjoined participles”, it. participio congiunto, “double nominative/accusative”, “subject/object complements”, “adverbial appositions”, “depictives”, and so on) in its different realisations.
Contrary to adverbial secondary predications (see advcl:pred), “core” or “complemental” secondary predications are foregrounded (and therefore not subordinated) and can be seen as forming an extension of the main predicate, in a similar way to closed (e.g. of modal verbs, possum facere ‘I can do’) or open (e.g. verbs of saying, dico te hoc facere ‘I say that you do that’) clausal complements. They are nearly always referring to the object of the main sentence or, equivalently, to the subject in passive constructions (e.g. with videor ‘I seem’, lit. ‘I am seen’). Core secondary predications are not so much predicating something about their referent as describing a result, state or judgment implied by the predicate in which the referents are involved. Like for their adverbial versions, these secondary predications cannot be selected for passivisation and are distinct from secondary objects.
This subrelation overlaps for the most part with the complements of so-called “copular verbs”. Being nominal in form (including participles and the likes), they are formally set apart from other clausal complements, like those of modal verbs, which are usually expressed by finite or infinitival clauses. Copular and modal verbs are always treated as verbs which can govern complements and not as auxiliaries, since they still are fully lexical elements.
It is true that the identification of a secondary predication as adverbial rather than core, being both formally identical (bare nominal predications), is not always straightforward, and much depends on the semantics of the main predicate.
In the following examples, the passages in the translations corresponding to core secondary predications are boldfaced. The corresponding main predicate is underlined.
verbum caro factum est \n word flesh made is
xcomp(factum,caro)
nsubj(factum,verbum)
xcomp(made,flesh)
nsubj(word,made)
‘The word has been made flesh’ (Summa contra Gentiles citing John 1:14, ITTB)
Huius quidem preconium , facta modernorum exsuperans , tanquam veri existentia latius arbitrabar aliquando superfluum . \n Of-this indeed public-cry , facts of-moderns surpassing , as-much-as of-true existence more-broadly I-was-deeming somewhat excessive .
xcomp(arbitrabar,superfluum)
obj(arbitrabar,preconium)
xcomp(I-was-deeming,excessive)
obj(I-was-deeming,public-cry)
‘The report whereof, overtopping all deeds of recent times, I erstwhile did deem extravagant, as going beyond the appearence of truth.’ (Letters XIII, UDante)
Et hii sunt quos Poeta Eneidorum sexto Dei dilectos et ab ardente virtute sublimatos ad ethera deorum que filios vocat , quanquam figurate loquatur . \n And these are whom Poet of-Aeneid in-sixth of-God beloved and by ardent virtue elevated to skies of-gods and sons calls , although figuratively speaks .
xcomp(vocat,dilectos)
nmod(dilectos,Dei)
conj(dilectos,sublimatos)
obl:agent(sublimatos,virtute)
obl:arg(sublimatos,ethera)
conj(dilectos,filios)
nmod(filios,deorum)
obj(vocat,quos)
xcomp(calls,beloved)
nmod(beloved,of-God)
conj(beloved,elevated)
obl:agent(elevated,virtue)
obl:arg(elevated,skies)
conj(beloved,sons)
nmod(sons,of-gods)
obj(calls,whom)
‘And those who succeed are those whom the author of the Aeneid, in the sixth book, calls God’s beloved, raised to the heavens by their ardent virtue and made the children of God - though he is speaking figuratively.’ (De Vulgari Eloquentia, UDante)
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [it] [ka] [kk] [la] [ml] [no] [pa] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]