VERB: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words typically denoting events and actions, constituting a minimal predicate in a clause, governing the number and types of dependents which may occur in the clause. In Italian verbs are associated with the following grammatical categories: tense, mood and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxilliary verbs or particles.
Note that the VERB tag covers main verbs (content verbs) and copulas but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which the AUX tag is used.
Participles used as adjectives are classified as ADJ.
Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags
V: Main verb
Examples
- correre “run”, mangiare “eat”
- corse, mangiò
- correndo, mangiando
- è stata mangiata
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 2144 VERB lemmas (11%), 7744 VERB types (27%) and 26515 VERB tokens (10%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: essere, avere, fare, vedere, dire, trovare, chiamare, dare, tenere, andare
The 10 most frequent VERB types: è, sono, ha, era, essere, trova, far, fatto, visto, fare
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: essere (VERB 3671, AUX 3408, NOUN 15, CONJ 1), avere (AUX 1871, VERB 754), fare (VERB 713, AUX 3, ADV 1), andare (VERB 158, AUX 33), sapere (VERB 116, AUX 5), prevedere (VERB 104, NOUN 1), venire (AUX 380, VERB 81), avvenire (VERB 75, NOUN 2), continuare (VERB 75, ADJ 1), stare (AUX 103, VERB 68)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: è (VERB 1838, AUX 1320), sono (AUX 527, VERB 501), ha (AUX 923, VERB 322), era (VERB 208, AUX 139, NOUN 7), essere (AUX 317, VERB 163), fatto (VERB 119, NOUN 74), visto (VERB 109, NOUN 6), hanno (AUX 334, VERB 111), stato (AUX 209, VERB 104, NOUN 88), fa (VERB 90, ADV 71, ADJ 9, AUX 2)
- è
- sono
- ha
- era
- essere
- fatto
- visto
- hanno
- stato
- fa
- VERB 90: la stessa che fa anche stendere su il pavimento pelli di tigre .
- ADV 71: era partito solo qualche mese fa .
- ADJ 9: Gli economisti , in particolare , avrebbero dovuto imparare alcune lezioni fondamentali già molto tempo fa .
- AUX 2: Questa disposizione non fa sorgere in capo a il vettore alcun dovere , obbligo o conseguente responsabilità .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 3.611940 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.491677).
The 1st highest number of forms (38) was observed with the lemma “essere”: E`, E’, e’, era, erano, eravamo, eravate, ero, essendo, esser, essere, fosse, fossero, fossi, fossimo, fu, furono, sarai, saranno, sarebbe, sarebbero, sarei, saremmo, sarà, sarò, sei, sia, siamo, siano, siete, sii, sono, stata, state, stati, stato, É, è.
The 2nd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “avere”: Avremo, abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, avente, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevo, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avrei, avreste, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.
The 3rd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “fare”: Farei, Fat, fa, faccia, facciamo, facciano, facciate, faccio, facendo, facente, facenti, facesse, facessero, faceva, facevano, fai, fanno, far, faranno, fare, farebbe, faremo, farà, farò, fate, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.
VERB occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (26510; 100% instances), it-feat/Tense (20628; 78% instances), it-feat/Number (20626; 78% instances), it-feat/Mood (12177; 46% instances), it-feat/Person (12177; 46% instances), it-feat/Gender (8086; 30% instances)
VERB occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part
VERB occurs with 59 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (5918 tokens).
Examples: è, ha, trova, fa, chiama, dice, vede, sembra, tratta, parla
Relations
VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: it-dep/root (8808; 33% instances), it-dep/acl (3499; 13% instances), it-dep/advcl (3058; 12% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2783; 10% instances), it-dep/cop (2754; 10% instances), it-dep/conj (2408; 9% instances), it-dep/xcomp (1200; 5% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1193; 4% instances), it-dep/parataxis (318; 1% instances), it-dep/csubj (293; 1% instances), it-dep/nmod (115; 0% instances), it-dep/csubjpass (19; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (18; 0% instances), it-dep/auxpass (18; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (14; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (5; 0% instances), it-dep/advmod (2; 0% instances), it-dep/case (2; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (2; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: ROOT (8808; 33% instances), VERB (7404; 28% instances), NOUN (6597; 25% instances), ADJ (1772; 7% instances), PRON (1287; 5% instances), PROPN (435; 2% instances), ADV (118; 0% instances), NUM (40; 0% instances), AUX (14; 0% instances), CONJ (10; 0% instances), PUNCT (6; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), SCONJ (5; 0% instances), X (5; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances)
3527 (13%) VERB nodes are leaves.
3071 (12%) VERB nodes have one child.
4116 (16%) VERB nodes have two children.
15801 (60%) VERB nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB node is 16.
Children of VERB nodes are attached using 34 different relations: it-dep/nmod (14628; 17% instances), it-dep/punct (14273; 17% instances), it-dep/nsubj (9368; 11% instances), it-dep/dobj (9307; 11% instances), it-dep/mark (5283; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (5050; 6% instances), it-dep/advmod (4805; 6% instances), it-dep/advcl (2760; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (2371; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (2299; 3% instances), it-dep/auxpass (2169; 3% instances), it-dep/expl (1984; 2% instances), it-dep/xcomp (1921; 2% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (1885; 2% instances), it-dep/neg (1403; 2% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1240; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (831; 1% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (624; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (382; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (236; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (160; 0% instances), it-dep/det (153; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (123; 0% instances), it-dep/case (119; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (82; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (39; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (35; 0% instances), it-dep/csubjpass (22; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (19; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (11; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (11; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (4; 0% instances), it-dep/det:poss (4; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (26504; 32% instances), PUNCT (14277; 17% instances), PRON (8817; 11% instances), VERB (7404; 9% instances), AUX (7191; 9% instances), ADV (5933; 7% instances), PROPN (3589; 4% instances), ADP (3017; 4% instances), SCONJ (2321; 3% instances), CONJ (2289; 3% instances), ADJ (1065; 1% instances), NUM (932; 1% instances), DET (158; 0% instances), SYM (52; 0% instances), INTJ (35; 0% instances), X (18; 0% instances)
VERB in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]