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cop: copula

A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb essere (only). The copula be is not treated as the head of a clause, but rather as the dependent of a lexical predicate, as exemplified below.

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I cinque sarebbero tutti immigrati clandestini
nsubj(immigrati, cinque)
cop(immigrati, sarebbero)
{
    "text": "I cinque sarebbero tutti immigrati clandestini ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 19, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 25, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 35, 46 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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Per questo sono ambiziosi
cop(ambiziosi, sono)
{
    "text": "Per questo sono ambiziosi ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 16, 25 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

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Secondo l' Onu sono 200 mila le persone
nsubj(persone, mila)
compound(mila, 200)
cop(mila, sono)
{
    "text": "Secondo l' Onu sono 200 mila le persone ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 8, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 11, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 20, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 24, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 39 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "compound", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R3", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

This analysis is generally not adopted when the predicate is a prepositional phrase, in which case the nominal part of the prepositional phrase is the head of the clause, with a few exception in case of idiomatic forms, such as in forma in shape, expressing a property.

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La scultura è di il pachistano Hamad Butt
nsubj(è, scultura)
case(Hamad, di)
det(Hamad, il)
nmod(è, Hamad)
amod(Hamad, pachistano)
name(Hamad, Butt)
{
    "text": "La scultura è di il pachistano Hamad Butt ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 14, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 37, 41 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R3", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R4", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R5", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R6", "name", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

If the copula is accompanied by other verbal auxiliaries (e.g. for tense), they are taken as dependents of the lexical predicate:

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Non venne mai chiarito quale formazione era stata responsabile
det(formazione, quale)
nsubj(responsabile, formazione)
aux(responsabile, era)
cop(responsabile, stata)
{
    "text": "Non venne mai chiarito quale formazione era stata responsabile ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-5-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T4", "token", [ [ 14, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T5", "token", [ [ 23, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T6", "token", [ [ 29, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T7", "token", [ [ 40, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T8", "token", [ [ 44, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-T9", "token", [ [ 50, 62 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-5-R1", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R3", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-5-R4", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-5-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-5-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "5" ]
}

---

Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

This relation is universal.

2767 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.

2152 instances of cop (78%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.67040115648717.

The following 11 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-VERB (1073; 39% instances), NOUN-VERB (870; 31% instances), PRON-VERB (682; 25% instances), PROPN-VERB (42; 2% instances), VERB-VERB (34; 1% instances), ADV-VERB (32; 1% instances), NUM-VERB (19; 1% instances), ADJ-AUX (9; 0% instances), NOUN-AUX (3; 0% instances), X-VERB (2; 0% instances), VERB-AUX (1; 0% instances).

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# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 1 cop	color:blue
1	È	essere	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	cop	_	_
2	vero	vero	ADJ	A	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	FF	_	2	punct	_	_
4	tutti	tutto	PRON	PI	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind	7	nsubjpass	_	_
5	possiamo	potere	AUX	VM	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	essere	essere	AUX	VA	VerbForm=Inf	7	auxpass	_	_
7	sostituiti	sostituire	VERB	V	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
8	.	.	PUNCT	FS	_	2	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "VERB", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "ADJ", [ [ 2, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "PUNCT", [ [ 7, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "PRON", [ [ 9, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AUX", [ [ 15, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AUX", [ [ 24, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "VERB", [ [ 31, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "PUNCT", [ [ 42, 43 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-A1", "Mood", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A4", "Tense", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A5", "VerbForm", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A6", "Gender", "embedded-6-S1-T2", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A8", "Gender", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A9", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A10", "PronType", "embedded-6-S1-T4", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A11", "Mood", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A12", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A13", "Person", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "1" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A14", "Tense", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A15", "VerbForm", "embedded-6-S1-T5", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A16", "VerbForm", "embedded-6-S1-T6", "Inf" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A17", "Gender", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A18", "Number", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A19", "Tense", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Past" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-A20", "VerbForm", "embedded-6-S1-T7", "Part" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R0", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R2", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R3", "nsubjpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R4", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R5", "auxpass", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R6", "parataxis", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-6-S1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-6-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-6-S1-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: essere" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: vero" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: A" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ," ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FF" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: tutto" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PI" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: potere" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VM" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: essere" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: VA" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: sostituire" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FS" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T1", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-6-S1-T2", "embedded-6-S1-T1", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "6" ],
    "text": "È vero , tutti possiamo essere sostituiti .",
    "error": false
}

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# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 3 cop	color:blue
1	Questa	questo	DET	DD	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	ricchezza	ricchezza	NOUN	S	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	è	essere	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	tutta	tutto	PRON	PI	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	advmod	_	_
5	apparenza	apparenza	NOUN	S	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	.	.	PUNCT	FS	_	5	punct	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "DET", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "NOUN", [ [ 7, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "VERB", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "PRON", [ [ 19, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "NOUN", [ [ 25, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 35, 36 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-A1", "Gender", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A3", "PronType", "embedded-7-S1-T1", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A4", "Gender", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A5", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A6", "Mood", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A8", "Person", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "3" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A9", "Tense", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "Pres" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A10", "VerbForm", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A11", "Gender", "embedded-7-S1-T4", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A12", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T4", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A13", "PronType", "embedded-7-S1-T4", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A14", "Gender", "embedded-7-S1-T5", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-A15", "Number", "embedded-7-S1-T5", "Sing" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R0", "det", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R1", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R2", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R3", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R4", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-7-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-7-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-7-S1-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: questo" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: DD" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ricchezza" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: S" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: essere" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: V" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: tutto" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: PI" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: apparenza" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: S" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: FS" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T3", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "fgColor", "white" ], [ [ "embedded-7-S1-T5", "embedded-7-S1-T3", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "7" ],
    "text": "Questa ricchezza è tutta apparenza .",
    "error": false
}

# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 cop	color:blue
1	È	essere	AUX	VA	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	stata	essere	VERB	V	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	cop	_	_
3	quello	quello	PRON	PD	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	0	root	_	_
4	che	che	PRON	PR	PronType=Rel	7	dobj	_	_
5	ci	ci	PRON	PC	PronType=Clit	7	advmod	_	_
6	si	si	PRON	PC	Person=3|PronType=Clit	7	expl:impers	_	_
7	attendeva	attendere	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	:	:	PUNCT	FC	_	3	punct	_	_

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