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PRON: pronoun

Definition

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.

Specializations of pronouns correspond to different language specific PoS leading to different values for the PronType feature.

Correspondance between language specific PoS and PronTypes

Note: the PronType=Clit feature is specific for Italian.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 110 PRON lemmas (1%), 170 PRON types (1%) and 10834 PRON tokens (4%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 7 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: si, che, lo, ci, chi, quello, cui, quale, ne, questo

The 10 most frequent PRON types: si, che, chi, cui, ci, lo, ne, qual, quanto, mi

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: che (PRON 2148, SCONJ 1234, DET 247, ADP 32, CONJ 27), lo (PRON 570, PROPN 6, DET 4, X 2, NOUN 1), quello (PRON 385, DET 140), cui (PRON 367, DET 41), quale (DET 512, PRON 311, ADP 20, ADV 5, SCONJ 2), questo (DET 646, PRON 226), tutto (DET 349, PRON 215, ADJ 12, ADV 10, NOUN 5), uno (DET 4256, PRON 204, NUM 37, ADJ 2), quanto (PRON 190, DET 178, ADV 78, ADP 8, SCONJ 3, CONJ 1), altro (ADJ 385, PRON 183, DET 70, NOUN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: che (PRON 2125, SCONJ 1226, DET 94, ADP 32, CONJ 27), cui (PRON 367, DET 41), lo (DET 567, PRON 304), ne (PRON 263, ADP 5), qual (PRON 4, SCONJ 1), quanto (PRON 106, ADV 55, ADP 8, DET 3, SCONJ 2, CONJ 1), quale (DET 251, PRON 131, ADP 10, SCONJ 1), quello (PRON 140, DET 1), la (DET 8095, PRON 122, PROPN 2, X 2), uno (PRON 126, DET 97, NUM 5)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 1.545455 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.491677).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “lo”: gli, l’, la, le, li, lo.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “poco”: po’, poche, pochi, pochissimi, poco.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “quello”: quel, quella, quelle, quelli, quello.

PRON occurs with 8 features: it-feat/PronType (10750; 99% instances), it-feat/Number (4781; 44% instances), it-feat/Person (4414; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (3006; 28% instances), it-feat/Reflex (164; 2% instances), it-feat/NumType (84; 1% instances), it-feat/Poss (33; 0% instances), it-feat/Degree (2; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 17 feature-value pairs: Degree=Abs, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, NumType=Ord, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Clit, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel, Reflex=Yes

PRON occurs with 68 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Rel (2539 tokens). Examples: che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, chiunque, come, dove, quanti

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 19 different relations: it-dep/nsubj (2745; 25% instances), it-dep/expl (1996; 18% instances), it-dep/nmod (1734; 16% instances), it-dep/dobj (1631; 15% instances), it-dep/root (680; 6% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (629; 6% instances), it-dep/advmod (486; 4% instances), it-dep/iobj (390; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (246; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (194; 2% instances), it-dep/appos (30; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (24; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (17; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (12; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (2; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (8817; 81% instances), NOUN (745; 7% instances), ROOT (680; 6% instances), ADJ (338; 3% instances), PRON (130; 1% instances), PROPN (46; 0% instances), ADV (40; 0% instances), AUX (14; 0% instances), NUM (13; 0% instances), ADP (9; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

7470 (69%) PRON nodes are leaves.

1554 (14%) PRON nodes have one child.

817 (8%) PRON nodes have two children.

993 (9%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 11.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 30 different relations: it-dep/case (1662; 25% instances), it-dep/punct (1103; 16% instances), it-dep/cop (682; 10% instances), it-dep/nsubj (660; 10% instances), it-dep/det (623; 9% instances), it-dep/nmod (570; 8% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (447; 7% instances), it-dep/advmod (194; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (142; 2% instances), it-dep/amod (141; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (135; 2% instances), it-dep/acl (115; 2% instances), it-dep/appos (51; 1% instances), it-dep/advcl (49; 1% instances), it-dep/neg (28; 0% instances), it-dep/mark (27; 0% instances), it-dep/aux (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (22; 0% instances), it-dep/mwe (7; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (6; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (5; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/xcomp (4; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (3; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (2; 0% instances), it-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: ADP (1638; 24% instances), VERB (1287; 19% instances), PUNCT (1103; 16% instances), NOUN (1015; 15% instances), DET (627; 9% instances), ADV (258; 4% instances), PROPN (251; 4% instances), ADJ (188; 3% instances), CONJ (141; 2% instances), PRON (130; 2% instances), AUX (26; 0% instances), NUM (24; 0% instances), SCONJ (22; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)


PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]