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ADP: adposition

Definition

Adposition is a cover term for prepositions and postpositions. In Italian, there are only prepositions.

Italian prepositions can take the form of fixed multi-word expressions, such as invece di “instead of”, a causa di “because of”, davanti a “in front of”. The component words are then still tagged according to their basic use (i.e. a is ADP, causa is NOUN, di is ADP) and their status as a multi-word expression is accounted for at the level of syntactic annotation. See mwe for more details on the representation of multi-word expressions.

Italian prepositions are also used for introducing non-finite clausal complements, as in Maria ha deciso di partire “Mary decided to leave” or Maria è andata a congratularsi con loro “Mary went to congratulate them”.

Italian distinguishes between simple and articulated prepositions: note however that to comply with the UD Tokenization guidelines the latter are systematically splitted into the following sequence of part-of-speech tags, ADP and DET (e.g. nello “in the” is splitted into in ADP lo DET).

Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags

E: Preposition

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 82 ADP lemmas (0%), 90 ADP types (0%) and 41431 ADP tokens (15%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of ADP is: 9 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADP lemmas: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, tra, dopo

The 10 most frequent ADP types: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, d’

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: di (ADP 17740, DET 27, PROPN 3, NOUN 1), a (ADP 7044, NOUN 10, X 8, PROPN 3, DET 3, ADV 2, CONJ 1), in (ADP 5879, X 2), per (ADP 2658, PROPN 1), su (ADP 1177, ADV 13), come (ADP 473, ADV 240, SCONJ 177, CONJ 3, PRON 1), dopo (ADP 219, ADV 44, SCONJ 31, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 216, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), contro (ADP 149, ADV 11), secondo (ADP 136, ADJ 110, NOUN 12, PRON 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: di (ADP 17276, PROPN 2), a (ADP 6336, NOUN 10, X 8, ADV 2, PROPN 2), in (ADP 5153, X 2), su (ADP 1126, ADV 13), come (ADP 451, SCONJ 148, ADV 64, CONJ 3, PRON 1), ad (ADP 415, NOUN 3, X 3, PROPN 1), d’ (ADP 353, PROPN 1), dopo (ADP 168, ADV 43, SCONJ 25, NOUN 1), senza (ADP 200, SCONJ 2, ADV 1), contro (ADP 143, ADV 11)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADP is 1.097561 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.491677).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “di”: ad, d’, de, des, di, d’.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “a”: a, ad.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “circa”: ca, circa.

ADP occurs with 2 features: it-feat/Gender (1; 0% instances), it-feat/Number (1; 0% instances)

ADP occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Gender=Masc, Number=Sing

ADP occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (41430 tokens). Examples: di, a, in, da, per, con, su, come, ad, d’

Relations

ADP nodes are attached to their parents using 8 different relations: it-dep/case (37818; 91% instances), it-dep/mark (2905; 7% instances), it-dep/mwe (654; 2% instances), it-dep/advmod (36; 0% instances), it-dep/cc (8; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (5; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (4; 0% instances), it-dep/dobj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADP nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (29714; 72% instances), PROPN (5073; 12% instances), VERB (3017; 7% instances), PRON (1638; 4% instances), NUM (770; 2% instances), ADV (694; 2% instances), ADJ (230; 1% instances), ADP (194; 0% instances), SYM (54; 0% instances), SCONJ (31; 0% instances), X (14; 0% instances), AUX (2; 0% instances)

41170 (99%) ADP nodes are leaves.

217 (1%) ADP nodes have one child.

10 (0%) ADP nodes have two children.

34 (0%) ADP nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADP node is 5.

Children of ADP nodes are attached using 10 different relations: it-dep/mwe (279; 75% instances), it-dep/det (29; 8% instances), it-dep/case (27; 7% instances), it-dep/nmod (24; 6% instances), it-dep/punct (3; 1% instances), it-dep/advmod (2; 1% instances), it-dep/cc (2; 1% instances), it-dep/conj (2; 1% instances), it-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADP nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: ADP (194; 52% instances), ADV (60; 16% instances), DET (34; 9% instances), NOUN (31; 8% instances), SCONJ (31; 8% instances), PRON (9; 2% instances), PUNCT (3; 1% instances), ADJ (2; 1% instances), CONJ (2; 1% instances), SYM (2; 1% instances), VERB (2; 1% instances)


ADP in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]