AUX
: auxiliary verb
Definition
An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.
Swedish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.
Examples
- Tense auxiliary: har gjort “has done”, kommer (att) göra “is going to do”, hade gjort “hade done”
- Modal auxiliary: måste skapa “must create”, bör leda till “should lead to”
- Passive auxiliary: blev tvungen “was forced”, blir skalad “is peeled”
- Copula: är sjuk “is sick”, var en idiot “was an idiot”
Delimitation
The exact delimitation of auxiliaries in Swedish is not completely clear-cut, especially for the category of modal auxiliaries and copulas. In the Swedish UD treebank, we have adopted a consensus solution based on existing Swedish grammars, the original Talbanken annotation, and the universal UD guidelines. Below we list the verbs that may appear in each group:
- Tense auxiliary: har, komma
- Modal auxiliary: böra, kunna, måste, skola, vilja, må, torde, lär, få, behöva
- Passive auxiliary: bli
- Copula: vara
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
There are 15 AUX
lemmas (0%), 37 AUX
types (0%) and 2566 AUX
tokens (3%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX
is: 12 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX
lemmas: kunna, ha, skola, måste, komma, få, vilja, böra, behöva, bli
The 10 most frequent AUX
types: kan, har, måste, skall, skulle, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: kunna (AUX 786, VERB 13), ha (VERB 589, AUX 577, INTJ 2), skola (AUX 448, NOUN 62, VERB 6), måste (AUX 207, VERB 3, NOUN 1), komma (VERB 162, AUX 123), få (VERB 383, AUX 122, ADJ 17, PRON 1), vilja (AUX 93, VERB 15, NOUN 13), böra (AUX 92, VERB 2), behöva (VERB 68, AUX 49), bli (VERB 314, AUX 49)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: kan (AUX 649, VERB 7), har (AUX 520, VERB 395), måste (AUX 204, VERB 3, NOUN 1), skall (AUX 177, VERB 3), ska (AUX 116, VERB 3), kommer (AUX 110, VERB 76), får (VERB 144, AUX 78), vill (AUX 74, VERB 13), kunna (AUX 75, VERB 2), behöver (VERB 43, AUX 39)
- kan
- har
- måste
- AUX 204: Det måste också bli en mer praktisk syn på barnuppfostran .
- VERB 3: Undervisningsbudgeten måste ständigt och kraftigt utvidgas i takt med folkökningen .
- NOUN 1: Till det som måste bort - och där har vi väl numera hunnit rätt långt - hör naturligtvis alla ‘ måste ‘ kring ett äktenskaps ingående .
- skall
- ska
- kommer
- får
- vill
- kunna
- behöver
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX
is 2.466667 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.421062).
The 1st highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “bli”: blev, bli, blir, blivit.
The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “få”: fick, få, får, fått.
The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “komma”: kom, komma, kommer, kommit.
AUX
occurs with 4 features: sv-feat/VerbForm (2566; 100% instances), sv-feat/Voice (2566; 100% instances), sv-feat/Mood (2377; 93% instances), sv-feat/Tense (2377; 93% instances)
AUX
occurs with 7 feature-value pairs: Mood=Ind
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Sup
, Voice=Act
AUX
occurs with 4 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act
(2118 tokens).
Examples: kan, har, måste, skall, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill, behöver
Relations
AUX
nodes are attached to their parents using 2 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2517; 98% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (49; 2% instances)
Parents of AUX
nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: VERB (2420; 94% instances), ADJ (95; 4% instances), NOUN (47; 2% instances), PRON (3; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances)
2564 (100%) AUX
nodes are leaves.
0 (0%) AUX
nodes have one child.
0 (0%) AUX
nodes have two children.
2 (0%) AUX
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX
node is 3.
Children of AUX
nodes are attached using 4 different relations: sv-dep/cc (2; 33% instances), sv-dep/conj (2; 33% instances), sv-dep/neg (1; 17% instances), sv-dep/nmod (1; 17% instances)
Children of AUX
nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: CONJ (2; 33% instances), VERB (2; 33% instances), ADV (1; 17% instances), NOUN (1; 17% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish-LinES)
There are 1 AUX
lemmas (6%), 42 AUX
types (0%) and 2238 AUX
tokens (3%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX
is: 4 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 12 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX
lemmas: _
The 10 most frequent AUX
types: hade, kan, har, skulle, måste, kunde, vill, ska, kommer, ha
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: _ (NOUN 14002, VERB 11274, ADP 8898, PUNCT 8656, PRON 8194, ADV 6016, ADJ 5522, DET 4283, CONJ 3016, PROPN 2703, SCONJ 2587, AUX 2238, PART 1778, NUM 440, INTJ 179, X 17, SYM 9)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: hade (AUX 428, VERB 108), har (AUX 277, VERB 114), vill (AUX 83, VERB 9), kommer (AUX 66, VERB 48), ha (AUX 61, VERB 40), är (VERB 631, AUX 44), få (VERB 50, AUX 28, ADJ 5), får (AUX 27, VERB 27, NOUN 2), var (VERB 627, AUX 20, ADV 17, PRON 4, DET 1), fick (VERB 63, AUX 19)
- hade
- har
- vill
- kommer
- ha
- är
- få
- får
- AUX 27: Man får aldrig ge sig .
- VERB 27: Och dom ska inte inbilla sig att dom får något heller .
- NOUN 2: Rebecca Edwards hade alldeles nyss berättat för Neil Bayley att Felix Pasilis , Pettigrews grekiske vän , var rasande på henne för att hon hade glömt en eller annan absolut livsnödvändig krydda som han måste ha till sitt får .
- var
- VERB 627: Det var en kvinna som öppnade dörren till lägenheten .
- AUX 20: Men det talade inte om för mig vad klockan var slagen .
- ADV 17: han visste genast var han befann sig .
- PRON 4: De satte raskt i sig ett halvt dussin baconsmörgåsar var och drog sedan på sig sina rockar . Mrs Weasley tog ner en blomkruka från spiselhyllan och kikade inuti den .
- DET 1: Endast mörkret som ruvade högre upp i farleden , i väst , djupnade med var minut , som om det vredgats över solens närmande .
- fick
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX
is 42.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 794.764706).
The 1st highest number of forms (42) was observed with the lemma “_”: blev, bli, blir, blivit, borde, bör, fick, finge, få, får, fått, ha, hade, haft, har, höll, kan, kom, komma, kommer, kommit, kunde, kunna, kunnat, lär, må, måste, måtte, ombedd, råkar, ska, skall, skola, skulle, var, vara, varit, velat, vilja, vill, ville, är.
AUX
does not occur with any features.
Relations
AUX
nodes are attached to their parents using 12 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2060; 92% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (96; 4% instances), sv-dep/root (27; 1% instances), sv-dep/advcl (13; 1% instances), sv-dep/ccomp (12; 1% instances), sv-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), sv-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), sv-dep/xcomp (5; 0% instances), sv-dep/amod (4; 0% instances), sv-dep/conj (4; 0% instances), sv-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/appos (1; 0% instances)
Parents of AUX
nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (2039; 91% instances), ADJ (57; 3% instances), NOUN (42; 2% instances), ADV (31; 1% instances), ROOT (27; 1% instances), AUX (16; 1% instances), PRON (13; 1% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), PROPN (5; 0% instances), CONJ (1; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)
1952 (87%) AUX
nodes are leaves.
203 (9%) AUX
nodes have one child.
32 (1%) AUX
nodes have two children.
51 (2%) AUX
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX
node is 8.
Children of AUX
nodes are attached using 23 different relations: sv-dep/punct (127; 26% instances), sv-dep/mark (107; 21% instances), sv-dep/nsubj (75; 15% instances), sv-dep/nmod (45; 9% instances), sv-dep/xcomp (24; 5% instances), sv-dep/dobj (20; 4% instances), sv-dep/advmod (19; 4% instances), sv-dep/cc (16; 3% instances), sv-dep/aux (15; 3% instances), sv-dep/advcl (9; 2% instances), sv-dep/conj (7; 1% instances), sv-dep/neg (7; 1% instances), sv-dep/compound:prt (5; 1% instances), sv-dep/case (4; 1% instances), sv-dep/ccomp (4; 1% instances), sv-dep/parataxis (3; 1% instances), sv-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/expl (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), sv-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), sv-dep/nsubjpass (1; 0% instances)
Children of AUX
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: PUNCT (127; 26% instances), SCONJ (95; 19% instances), PRON (88; 18% instances), NOUN (51; 10% instances), VERB (35; 7% instances), ADV (24; 5% instances), CONJ (17; 3% instances), AUX (16; 3% instances), ADJ (14; 3% instances), PART (12; 2% instances), ADP (10; 2% instances), PROPN (8; 2% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)
AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]