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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.

Swedish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.

Examples

Delimitation

The exact delimitation of auxiliaries in Swedish is not completely clear-cut, especially for the category of modal auxiliaries and copulas. In the Swedish UD treebank, we have adopted a consensus solution based on existing Swedish grammars, the original Talbanken annotation, and the universal UD guidelines. Below we list the verbs that may appear in each group:


Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)

There are 15 AUX lemmas (0%), 37 AUX types (0%) and 2566 AUX tokens (3%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 12 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: kunna, ha, skola, måste, komma, få, vilja, böra, behöva, bli

The 10 most frequent AUX types: kan, har, måste, skall, skulle, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: kunna (AUX 786, VERB 13), ha (VERB 589, AUX 577, INTJ 2), skola (AUX 448, NOUN 62, VERB 6), måste (AUX 207, VERB 3, NOUN 1), komma (VERB 162, AUX 123), (VERB 383, AUX 122, ADJ 17, PRON 1), vilja (AUX 93, VERB 15, NOUN 13), böra (AUX 92, VERB 2), behöva (VERB 68, AUX 49), bli (VERB 314, AUX 49)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: kan (AUX 649, VERB 7), har (AUX 520, VERB 395), måste (AUX 204, VERB 3, NOUN 1), skall (AUX 177, VERB 3), ska (AUX 116, VERB 3), kommer (AUX 110, VERB 76), får (VERB 144, AUX 78), vill (AUX 74, VERB 13), kunna (AUX 75, VERB 2), behöver (VERB 43, AUX 39)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 2.466667 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.421062).

The 1st highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “bli”: blev, bli, blir, blivit.

The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “få”: fick, få, får, fått.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “komma”: kom, komma, kommer, kommit.

AUX occurs with 4 features: sv-feat/VerbForm (2566; 100% instances), sv-feat/Voice (2566; 100% instances), sv-feat/Mood (2377; 93% instances), sv-feat/Tense (2377; 93% instances)

AUX occurs with 7 feature-value pairs: Mood=Ind, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Sup, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 4 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act (2118 tokens). Examples: kan, har, måste, skall, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill, behöver

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 2 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2517; 98% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (49; 2% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: VERB (2420; 94% instances), ADJ (95; 4% instances), NOUN (47; 2% instances), PRON (3; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances)

2564 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

2 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 3.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 4 different relations: sv-dep/cc (2; 33% instances), sv-dep/conj (2; 33% instances), sv-dep/neg (1; 17% instances), sv-dep/nmod (1; 17% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: CONJ (2; 33% instances), VERB (2; 33% instances), ADV (1; 17% instances), NOUN (1; 17% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish-LinES)

There are 1 AUX lemmas (6%), 42 AUX types (0%) and 2238 AUX tokens (3%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 4 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 12 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: _

The 10 most frequent AUX types: hade, kan, har, skulle, måste, kunde, vill, ska, kommer, ha

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: _ (NOUN 14002, VERB 11274, ADP 8898, PUNCT 8656, PRON 8194, ADV 6016, ADJ 5522, DET 4283, CONJ 3016, PROPN 2703, SCONJ 2587, AUX 2238, PART 1778, NUM 440, INTJ 179, X 17, SYM 9)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: hade (AUX 428, VERB 108), har (AUX 277, VERB 114), vill (AUX 83, VERB 9), kommer (AUX 66, VERB 48), ha (AUX 61, VERB 40), är (VERB 631, AUX 44), (VERB 50, AUX 28, ADJ 5), får (AUX 27, VERB 27, NOUN 2), var (VERB 627, AUX 20, ADV 17, PRON 4, DET 1), fick (VERB 63, AUX 19)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 42.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 794.764706).

The 1st highest number of forms (42) was observed with the lemma “_”: blev, bli, blir, blivit, borde, bör, fick, finge, få, får, fått, ha, hade, haft, har, höll, kan, kom, komma, kommer, kommit, kunde, kunna, kunnat, lär, må, måste, måtte, ombedd, råkar, ska, skall, skola, skulle, var, vara, varit, velat, vilja, vill, ville, är.

AUX does not occur with any features.

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 12 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2060; 92% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (96; 4% instances), sv-dep/root (27; 1% instances), sv-dep/advcl (13; 1% instances), sv-dep/ccomp (12; 1% instances), sv-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), sv-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), sv-dep/xcomp (5; 0% instances), sv-dep/amod (4; 0% instances), sv-dep/conj (4; 0% instances), sv-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/appos (1; 0% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (2039; 91% instances), ADJ (57; 3% instances), NOUN (42; 2% instances), ADV (31; 1% instances), ROOT (27; 1% instances), AUX (16; 1% instances), PRON (13; 1% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), PROPN (5; 0% instances), CONJ (1; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

1952 (87%) AUX nodes are leaves.

203 (9%) AUX nodes have one child.

32 (1%) AUX nodes have two children.

51 (2%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 8.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 23 different relations: sv-dep/punct (127; 26% instances), sv-dep/mark (107; 21% instances), sv-dep/nsubj (75; 15% instances), sv-dep/nmod (45; 9% instances), sv-dep/xcomp (24; 5% instances), sv-dep/dobj (20; 4% instances), sv-dep/advmod (19; 4% instances), sv-dep/cc (16; 3% instances), sv-dep/aux (15; 3% instances), sv-dep/advcl (9; 2% instances), sv-dep/conj (7; 1% instances), sv-dep/neg (7; 1% instances), sv-dep/compound:prt (5; 1% instances), sv-dep/case (4; 1% instances), sv-dep/ccomp (4; 1% instances), sv-dep/parataxis (3; 1% instances), sv-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/expl (2; 0% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (1; 0% instances), sv-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), sv-dep/nsubjpass (1; 0% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: PUNCT (127; 26% instances), SCONJ (95; 19% instances), PRON (88; 18% instances), NOUN (51; 10% instances), VERB (35; 7% instances), ADV (24; 5% instances), CONJ (17; 3% instances), AUX (16; 3% instances), ADJ (14; 3% instances), PART (12; 2% instances), ADP (10; 2% instances), PROPN (8; 2% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)


AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]