Voice: voice
The Voice feature captures the distinction between active and passive for verbs (VERB and AUX). The value Pass is only used when the passive voice is realized morphologically. (Swedish in addition has a periphrastic passive similar to English: han blev jagad “he was chased”.)
Act: active voice
Examples
- [sv] det räcker “it suffices”
- [sv] avdraget sjunker “the deduction drops”
Pass: passive voice
Examples
- [sv] inkomst beskattas “income is taxed”
- [sv] det hanteras fel “it is handled incorrectly”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Act, Pass.
13792 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Voice.
2601 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
1189 lemmas (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Voice.
The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: VERB (11226; 12% instances), AUX (2566; 3% instances).
VERB
11226 VERB tokens (97% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (7057; 63%), Mood=Ind (6842; 61%), Tense=Pres (6085; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(9757; 87% of non-emptyVoice): är, har, vara, blir, få, får, var, ha, gäller, gerPass(1469; 13% of non-emptyVoice): kallas, användas, behövs, anses, beräknas, tas, används, ges, användes, förändrasEMPTY(360): finns, tycks, fanns, finnas, fordras, känns, hoppas, syns, trivas, fattas
| Paradigm göra | Act | Pass |
|---|---|---|
| Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin | Gör | |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin | gjorde | gjordes |
| Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin | gör | görs |
| VerbForm=Inf | göra | göras |
| VerbForm=Sup | gjort | gjorts |
AUX
2566 AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Voice.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Voice co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (2377; 93%), Mood=Ind (2377; 93%), Tense=Pres (2118; 83%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Voice:
Act(2566; 100% of non-emptyVoice): kan, har, måste, skall, skulle, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill
Voice seems to be lexical feature of AUX. 100% lemmas (15) occur only with one value of Voice.
Relations with Agreement in Voice
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Voice:
VERB –[aux]–> AUX (1825; 77%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (811; 72%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (697; 81%),
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (310; 77%),
VERB –[xcomp]–> VERB (279; 81%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (176; 77%),
VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (94; 92%),
VERB –[dislocated]–> VERB (29; 81%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (19; 76%),
VERB –[mwe]–> VERB (3; 100%).
Voice in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]