xcomp: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement (xcomp) of a verb or an adjective is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause). These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher verb or adjective) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause. The name xcomp is borrowed from Lexical-Functional Grammar.
Han säger att du gillar att simma \n He says that you like to swim
xcomp(gillar, simma)
Nu kan vi låta barnen studera om de vill \n Now we can let the children study if they want to
xcomp(låta, studera)
Jag betraktar honom som min vän \n I consider him as my friend
xcomp(betraktar, vän)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This relation is universal.
1099 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
1065 instances of xcomp (97%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.00454959053685.
The following 18 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/ADJ (402; 37% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/VERB (343; 31% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/NOUN (284; 26% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/ADV (14; 1% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/PRON (13; 1% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/NOUN (8; 1% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/ADJ (7; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/VERB (6; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PROPN-sv-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/DET (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/NUM (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), sv-pos/ADV-sv-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/NUM-sv-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 8 xcomp color:blue
1 Bördan börda NOUN NN|UTR|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 7 dislocated _ _
2 att att PART IE _ 3 mark _ _
3 fostra fostra VERB VB|INF|AKT VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 acl _ _
4 barn barn NOUN NN|NEU|PLU|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur 3 dobj _ _
5 - - PUNCT MID _ 1 punct _ _
6 uttrycket uttryck NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _
7 låter låta VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
8 negativt negativ ADJ JJ|POS|NEU|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 7 xcomp _ _
9 . . PUNCT MAD _ 7 punct _ _
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 5 xcomp color:blue
1 Börjar börja VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 hennes hon DET PS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|DEF Definite=Def|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 3 nmod:poss _ _
3 jobb jobb NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
4 att att PART IE _ 5 mark _ _
5 delas dela VERB VB|INF|SFO VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Pass 1 xcomp _ _
6 av av ADP PP _ 9 case _ _
7 den en DET DT|UTR|SIN|DEF Definite=Def|Gender=Com|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
8 moderne modern ADJ JJ|POS|MAS|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 mannen man NOUN NN|UTR|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 5 nmod:agent _ _
10 ? ? PUNCT MAD _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 xcomp color:blue
1 Hushållsarbetet hushållsarbete NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 blir bli VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 kock- kocka NOUN NN|UTR|-|-|SMS Gender=Com 2 xcomp _ _
4 och och CONJ KN _ 3 cc _ _
5 restaurangarbete restaurangarbete NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 3 conj _ _
6 . . PUNCT MAD _ 2 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish-LinES)
This relation is universal.
1391 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
1300 instances of xcomp (93%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.41337167505392.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/VERB (806; 58% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/ADJ (325; 23% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/NOUN (128; 9% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/PRON (36; 3% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/PROPN (20; 1% instances), sv-pos/AUX-sv-pos/VERB (13; 1% instances), sv-pos/AUX-sv-pos/ADJ (11; 1% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/ADV (9; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/ADJ (6; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/NUM (6; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/NOUN (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/VERB (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/ADP-sv-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/PROPN-sv-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/SCONJ-sv-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), sv-pos/SYM-sv-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 7 xcomp color:blue
1 Denna _ DET DEM-SG-IND _ 3 det _ _
2 sista _ ADJ SPL _ 3 amod _ _
3 tanke _ NOUN SG-IND-NOM _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 fick _ VERB PAST-ACT _ 0 root _ _
5 honom _ PRON PERS-P3SG-ACC _ 4 dobj _ _
6 att _ PART _ _ 7 mark _ _
7 erinra _ VERB INF-ACT _ 4 xcomp _ _
8 sig _ PRON RFL-ACC _ 7 dobj _ _
9 något _ DET SG-IND _ 10 det _ _
10 viktigt _ ADJ POS-SG-IND _ 7 xcomp _ _
11 . _ PUNCT Period _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 10 xcomp color:blue
1 Denna _ DET DEM-SG-IND _ 3 det _ _
2 sista _ ADJ SPL _ 3 amod _ _
3 tanke _ NOUN SG-IND-NOM _ 4 nsubj _ _
4 fick _ VERB PAST-ACT _ 0 root _ _
5 honom _ PRON PERS-P3SG-ACC _ 4 dobj _ _
6 att _ PART _ _ 7 mark _ _
7 erinra _ VERB INF-ACT _ 4 xcomp _ _
8 sig _ PRON RFL-ACC _ 7 dobj _ _
9 något _ DET SG-IND _ 10 det _ _
10 viktigt _ ADJ POS-SG-IND _ 7 xcomp _ _
11 . _ PUNCT Period _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 8 xcomp color:blue
1 För _ ADP _ _ 3 case _ _
2 varje _ DET TOT-SG-IND _ 3 det _ _
3 startmärke _ NOUN SG-IND-NOM _ 4 nmod _ _
4 finns _ VERB PRES-DPO _ 0 root _ _
5 det _ PRON PERS-P3SG _ 4 nsubj _ _
6 ett _ DET SG-IND _ 8 det _ _
7 motsvarande _ ADJ NDE _ 8 amod _ _
8 slutmärke _ NOUN SG-IND-NOM _ 4 xcomp _ _
9 . _ PUNCT Period _ 4 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish_Sign_Language)
This relation is universal.
3 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as xcomp.
3 instances of xcomp (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.
The following 2 pairs of parts of speech are connected with xcomp: sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/VERB (2; 67% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/NOUN (1; 33% instances).
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 4 xcomp color:blue
1 JA@ub@z _ INTJ INTERJ _ 2 discourse _ _
2 FÖRSTÅ(L) _ VERB VB _ 0 root _ _
3 VARFÖR _ ADV AB _ 2 mark _ _
4 SMITA _ VERB VB _ 2 xcomp _ _
5 FRÅN _ ADP PP _ 6 case _ _
6 SKÅL _ NOUN NN _ 4 nmod _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 10 xcomp color:blue
1 HUND _ NOUN NN _ 2 nsubj _ _
2 LUKTA _ VERB VB _ 0 root _ _
3 BANSTRÄCKA _ VERB VBAV _ 2 conj _ _
4 POJKE _ NOUN NN _ 5 nsubj _ _
5 SITTA _ VERB VB _ 2 conj _ _
6 HAND(GG)+HANTERA@p _ VERB VBAV _ 2 conj _ _
7 FÖRSTÅ-INTE _ VERB VB _ 2 conj _ _
8 VARELSE(NN)+RÖRELSE@p _ VERB VBAV _ 2 conj _ _
9 VARA _ VERB VB _ 10 cop _ _
10 HJORT@b _ NOUN NN _ 8 xcomp _ _
11 HJORT _ NOUN NN _ 10 compound _ _
12 HAND(GG)+HANTERA@p _ VERB VBAV _ 2 conj _ _
13 HJORT _ NOUN NN _ 14 nsubj _ _
14 IRRITERAD _ VERB VB _ 12 ccomp _ _
15 VARELSE(VVb)+RÖRELSE@p _ VERB VBAV _ 14 conj _ _
16 STANNA-TVÄRT _ VERB VB _ 14 conj _ _
17 FORM(J)+BESKRIVNING+FORM(J)@p _ VERB VBAV _ 16 nmod _ _
18 VARELSE(VVb)+FÖRFLYTTA@p _ VERB VBAV _ 16 conj _ _
19 POJKE _ NOUN NN _ 20 nsubj _ _
20 VARELSE(Vb)+FÖRFLYTTA+ENTITET(N)@p _ VERB VBAV _ 18 ccomp _ _
21 INUTI _ VERB VBPP _ 22 case _ _
22 VATTEN _ NOUN NN _ 18 nmod _ _
xcomp in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]