This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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Case: case

Nom: nominative

The base form, typically used as a citation form (lemma).

Examples

Acc: accusative

In many languages used for direct objects of verbs.

We follow ISK in not recognizing the accusative except for the personal pronouns and kuka “who” (http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1221, http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1226)

Examples

Gen: genitive

Examples

Ins: instructive

Instructive primarily characterizes manner or instrument. Instructive can also express place or time.

Corresponds to some uses of English by means of or with the aid of.

Examples

References

Par: partitive

In Finnish the partitive case is an object case that can also express indefinite quantity or unfinished actions.

References

Ess: essive

Essive is typically a case of temporal adverbials (e.g. tiistaina “on Tuesday”). In expressions of state, essive is a case of predicative adverbials, characterizing purpose or task (e.g. vartijana “as a guard”) in intransitive forms, and how an object or its purpose is perceived in transitive forms (e.g. syödä raakana “eat raw”).

Essive corresponds to some uses of English as a.

Examples

References

Tra: translative

In intransitive sentences, the translative case typically expresses change of state (becomes, changes to) or manner.

Examples

In transitive sentences, the translative case describes the sentence object.

Examples

References

Com: comitative / associative

The comitative (also called associative) case expresses belonging, a social relationship or a part of an entity. It often corresponds to English together with and has a descriptive or explicative function.

Examples

References

Abe: abessive

The abessive case expresses wihtout what something has happened and roughly corresponds to the English preposition without.

Examples

Ine: inessive

The inessive case expresses location inside of something.

Examples

Ill: illative

The illative case expresses direction into something.

Examples

Ela: elative

The elative case expresses direction out of something.

Examples

Ade: adessive

The adessive cases expresses location on the outer or upper surface of an entity, or movement to/from such a surface. The corresponding directional cases are allative (towards something) and ablative (from something).

(Note: this is a very incomplete listing of the uses of the Finnish adessive, which can also express place, time, state, owner, instrument, means, manner, and quantity.)

Examples

References

All: allative

The allative case expresses direction onto something (destination is adessive).

Examples

Abl: ablative

Prototypical meaning: direction from some point.

Examples

Notes: distributive

Some descriptions of Finnish recognize a distributive case conveying that something happens to every member of a set, one at a time. UD Finnish does not include Dis (distributive) as a possible value of the Case feature, but analyses the -ttain suffix as an adverbial derivation.

Examples

References

Notes: lative

Some descriptions of Finnish mark the base form of the first infinitive as being in the lative case (see e.g. Omorfi tagger documentation). UD Finnish follows ISK in not recognizing the lative case.

References

Diff

FinnTreeBank (FI_FTB) marks the base form of the first infinitive as lative in contrast to translative.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 15 different values: Abe, Abl, Acc, Ade, All, Com, Ela, Ess, Gen, Ill, Ine, Ins, Nom, Par, Tra.

94275 tokens (52%) have a non-empty value of Case. 43120 types (86%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. 19586 lemmas (82%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. The feature is used with 8 part-of-speech tags: fi-pos/NOUN (50719; 28% instances), fi-pos/PRON (11919; 7% instances), fi-pos/ADJ (11911; 7% instances), fi-pos/PROPN (9548; 5% instances), fi-pos/VERB (8898; 5% instances), fi-pos/NUM (1146; 1% instances), fi-pos/AUX (132; 0% instances), fi-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances).

NOUN

50719 fi-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (38422; 76%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm päiväNomGenParEssTraIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Number=Singpäivä, päivä-päivänpäivääpäivänäpäivässäpäiväänpäivästäpäivälläpäivällepäivältä
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1päiväni
Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3päivänsä
Number=Sing|Typo=Yespäivän
Number=Plurpäivätpäivienpäiviäpäivinäpäiviksipäiviinpäivistäpäivilläpäivillepäiviltä

PRON

11919 fi-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (9445; 79%), Number=Sing (9009; 76%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm tämäNomGenParEssTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Singtänäkään
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Sing|Style=Colltätäkä
Clitic=Kin|Number=Singtämäkintämänkintänäkintässäkintähän(kin), Tähänkintästäkintällekin
Clitic=Kin|Number=Plurnäitäkinnäissäkin
Clitic=Ko|Number=SingTässäkö
Number=Singtämätämäntätätänätäksitässätähäntästätällätälletältä
Number=Sing|Style=ColltäätänTäst
Number=Sing|Typo=YesTämä
Number=PlurnämänäidennäitänäinäNäinenäissänäihinnäistänäillänäille
Number=Plur|Style=Collnäänäis

ADJ

11911 fi-pos/ADJ tokens (93% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: Degree=Pos (10358; 87%), Number=Sing (8659; 73%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm uusiNomGenInsParEssTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Clitic=Kin|Degree=Pos|Number=Singuudenkin
Clitic=Kin|Degree=Pos|Number=Pluruusiakin
Degree=Posuusine
Degree=Pos|Number=SinguusiuudenuuttaUutenauudeksiuudessauuteenuudestauudellauudelleuudelta
Degree=Pos|Number=Pluruudetuusienuusinuusiauusiksiuusissauusiinuusistauusillauusilleuusilta
Degree=Cmp|Number=PlurUudempien
Degree=Sup|Number=Singuusinuusimman
Degree=Sup|Number=PlurUusimpienuusimmissa

PROPN

9548 fi-pos/PROPN tokens (87% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (9307; 97%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm KreikkaNomGenParIneIllElaAllAbl
KreikkaKreikanKreikkaaKreikassaKreikkaanKreikastaKreikalleKreikalta

VERB

8898 fi-pos/VERB tokens (28% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Mood=EMPTY (8898; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (8898; 100%), Person=EMPTY (8898; 100%), Number=Sing (7114; 80%), InfForm=EMPTY (6904; 78%), VerbForm=Part (6904; 78%), Degree=Pos (6895; 77%), Voice=Act (6361; 71%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm ollaNomGenInsParEssTraAbeIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Clitic=Kaan|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollutkaan
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevaniolevani
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevasi
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Agt|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolemassaolemaan
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollu, olluj
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passoltu
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Typo=Yes|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolut
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollutolleenolluttaolleessa
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevansa
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Typo=Yes|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevaan
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevaolevanolevaaolevanaolevassaolevaanolevastaolevallaolevalle
Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passoltava
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevanne
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevaniolevinani
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollut, oltu, ollu
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleetolleidenolleitaolleista
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passollut
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevansaolevinaan
Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevatolevienoleviaoleviksiolevissaolevistaolevillaolevilleolevilta
InfForm=1|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=ActOllaksesi
InfForm=1|Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollakseen
InfForm=2|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessamme
InfForm=2|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessani
InfForm=2|Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessaan
InfForm=2|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollenollessa
InfForm=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Passoltaessa
InfForm=3|Number=Sing|Typo=Yes|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actoelmassa
InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actolemattaolemassaolemaanolemastaolemalla

NUM

1146 fi-pos/NUM tokens (25% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Case co-occurred: NumType=Card (1114; 97%), Number=Sing (1101; 96%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm kaksiNomGenInsParEssIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Number=Singkaksi, kaksi-kahdenkahtakahtenakahdessakahteenkahdestakahdellakahdellekahdelta
Number=Sing|Style=Collkaks
Number=Plurkahdetkaksinkaksiin
Number=Plur|Typo=Yeskahden

AUX

132 fi-pos/AUX tokens (4% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Case co-occurred: Tense=EMPTY (132; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (132; 100%), Person=EMPTY (132; 100%), VerbForm=Part (127; 96%), Voice=Act (115; 87%), Number=Sing (115; 87%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm ollaNomGenAde
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Voice=Actollutkaan
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|Voice=Actollu
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Voice=Actollut
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Voice=Passoltu
Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Voice=Actolevanolevalla
Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|Voice=Actolleet
Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|Voice=Passollut

SYM

2 fi-pos/SYM tokens (0% of all SYM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

SYM tokens may have the following values of Case:

Relations with Agreement in Case

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case: NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (7856; 94%), NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (3040; 87%), NOUN –[det]–> PRON (2761; 96%), NOUN –[acl]–> VERB (2698; 89%), PROPN –[conj]–> PROPN (582; 84%), PROPN –[compound:nn]–> NOUN (437; 66%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (427; 97%), NOUN –[nummod]–> ADJ (404; 81%), ADJ –[nsubj:cop]–> NOUN (399; 57%), NOUN –[nsubj:cop]–> NOUN (351; 59%).


Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish-FTB)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 16 different values: Abe, Abl, Acc, Ade, All, Com, Ela, Ess, Gen, Ill, Ine, Ins, Lat, Nom, Par, Tra.

80384 tokens (50%) have a non-empty value of Case. 37673 types (86%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. 18172 lemmas (84%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case. The feature is used with 7 part-of-speech tags: fi-pos/NOUN (37036; 23% instances), fi-pos/PRON (10569; 7% instances), fi-pos/VERB (10453; 7% instances), fi-pos/ADJ (10066; 6% instances), fi-pos/PROPN (6773; 4% instances), fi-pos/DET (3980; 2% instances), fi-pos/NUM (1507; 1% instances).

NOUN

37036 fi-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (28472; 77%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm päiväNomGenInsParEssTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Singpäiväkäänpäivänkäänpäivääkään
Clitic=Kin|Number=Singpäivänkinpäivälläkin
Clitic=Ko|Number=Singpäivänäkö
Number=Singpäiväpäivänpäivääpäivänäpäiväksipäivässäpäiväänpäivästäpäivälläpäivällepäivältä
Number=Sing|Style=Collpäivänäpäiväspäivää
Number=Plurpäivätpäivienpäivinpäiviäpäivinäpäivilläpäiville
Number=Plur|Person[psor]=3päivänsäpäivillään
Person[psor]=3päivineen

PRON

10569 fi-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (7949; 75%), Person=EMPTY (6134; 58%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm jokaNomGenParEssTraIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Number=Singjokajonkajotajonajoksijossajohonjostajollajollejolta
Number=Plurjotkajoidenjoitajoissajoihinjoistajoillajoille

VERB

10453 fi-pos/VERB tokens (28% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (10453; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (10453; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (10453; 100%), Voice=Act (8561; 82%), Number=EMPTY (5328; 51%), PartForm=EMPTY (5325; 51%), VerbForm=Inf (5325; 51%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm ollaNomGenInsParEssTraIneIllElaAdeAllAblLat
Clitic=Kaan|InfForm=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollakaan
Clitic=Kaan|InfForm=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessakaan
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollukkaan
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollutkaanolleenkaan
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevankaan
Clitic=Kaan|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleetkaan
Clitic=Kin|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollukki
Clitic=Kin|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleetkin
Clitic=Ko|InfForm=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=ActOllako
Clitic=Ko|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollukko
Clitic=Pa|InfForm=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollapa
InfForm=1|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=ActOllaksesi
InfForm=1|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollakseen
InfForm=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actolla
InfForm=2|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessani
InfForm=2|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollessaan
InfForm=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actollenollessa
InfForm=2|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Passoltaessa
InfForm=3|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actoleen
InfForm=3|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Actolemaanolemastaolemalla
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Past|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleeni
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevani
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleensa
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passoltuaan
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollu, ollum, olluk, olluh, olluj, olluv, ollun
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actollutolleenolluttaolleelta
Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passoltu
Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevansa
Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevat
Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevaolevanolevaaolevanaolevassaolevaanolevalle
Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passoltavaoltavan
Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevinasi
Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolleetolleitaolleilta
Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevinaan
Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Actolevatolevienoleviaolevissaoleviinolevistaolevillaolevilta

ADJ

10066 fi-pos/ADJ tokens (96% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (7603; 76%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm omaNomGenInsParEssTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
_omine
Clitic=Kin|Number=Pluromatkin
Clitic=Kin|Number=Plur|Style=Collomistaki
Clitic=Pa|Number=SingOmapa
Degree=Sup|Number=Singomimmassa
Number=Singomaomanomaaomanaomaksiomassaomaanomastaomallaomalleomalta
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1omani
Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2omaksesi
Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3omakseen
Number=Sing|Style=Collommoo
Number=Pluromatomienominomiaomissaomiinomistaomillaomille
Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1omaniomianiomiini
Number=Plur|Person[psor]=3omansaomiaanomilleen
Number=Plur|Style=Collomiiomis

PROPN

6773 fi-pos/PROPN tokens (100% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (6638; 98%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm suomiNomGenParIneIllElaAdeAll
Clitic=KinSuomikinSuomenkinSuomessakinSuomestakin
Clitic=KoSuomessako
SuomiSuomenSuomeasuomessaSuomeenSuomestaSuomellaSuomelle
Style=CollSuomet

DET

3980 fi-pos/DET tokens (97% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Case co-occurred: Number=Sing (2648; 67%).

DET tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm kaikkiNomGenInsParTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Number=SingkaikenkaikkeaKaikeksikaikessakaikestakaikellakaikellekaikelta
Number=Plurkaikkien, kaikkeinkaikinkaikkiakaikissakaikkiinkaikistakaikillakaikillekaikilta
Number=Plur|Style=Collkaikkiikaikist
kaikkikaikkine
Style=Collkaikkis

NUM

1507 fi-pos/NUM tokens (67% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Case co-occurred: NumType=Card (1507; 100%), Number=Sing (1405; 93%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Case:

Paradigm kaksiNomGenInsParEssTraComIneIllElaAdeAllAbl
Clitic=Kin|Number=Singkaksikin
Number=Singkaksikahdenkahtakahtenakahdeksikahdessakahteenkahdestakahdellakahdellekahdelta
Number=Sing|Style=Collkaks
Number=Plurkahdetkaksin
kaksine

Relations with Agreement in Case

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case: NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (5256; 90%), NOUN –[det]–> DET (2551; 78%), NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (1507; 91%), NOUN –[acl]–> VERB (1124; 53%), ADJ –[nsubj:cop]–> NOUN (465; 59%), PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (462; 60%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (432; 97%), PROPN –[conj]–> PROPN (326; 93%), ADJ –[amod]–> ADJ (289; 64%), NOUN –[nsubj:cop]–> NOUN (279; 56%).


Case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]