Case: case
Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns, helping to specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence. Swedish makes use of three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. The accusative is found only in pronouns (PRON), while the nominative/genitive distinction occurs with nouns (NOUN), proper nouns (PROPN) and adjectives (ADJ).
Nom: nominative
The base form, typically used as a citation form (lemma).
Examples
- [sv] att ta ansvar “to take responsibility”
- [sv] riskerna är stora “the risks are large”
Acc: accusative
In many languages used for direct objects of verbs. In Swedish this form is only used for personal pronouns.
Examples
- [sv] du behöver dem “you need them”
- [sv] ta med dig “take with you”
Gen: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. The genitive in Swedish does not however always imply possession, for example Stillhetens hav “Sea of Tranquility”
Examples
- [sv] eftermiddagens övningar “the afternoon’s exercises”
- [sv] patientens ekonomi “the patient’s finances”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Acc, Gen, Nom.
36627 tokens (38%) have a non-empty value of Case.
12626 types (84%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
8623 lemmas (84%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Case.
The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: sv-pos/NOUN (22429; 23% instances), sv-pos/ADJ (8466; 9% instances), sv-pos/PRON (2613; 3% instances), sv-pos/NUM (1733; 2% instances), sv-pos/PROPN (1337; 1% instances), sv-pos/VERB (49; 0% instances).
NOUN
22429 sv-pos/NOUN tokens (98% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Case co-occurred: Gender=Com (15646; 70%), Number=Sing (15357; 68%), Definite=Ind (14737; 66%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Acc(1; 0% of non-emptyCase): nuptiamGen(984; 4% of non-emptyCase): äktenskapets, kvinnans, världens, barnens, familjens, års, dagens, samhällets, jordens, slagsNom(21444; 96% of non-emptyCase): år, barn, del, äktenskapet, procent, barnen, människor, tid, sätt, samhälletEMPTY(556): kr, %, dr, s., kap., proc, KPI, milj, mån, sid
| Paradigm barn | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| Definite=Def|Number=Sing | barnet | barnets |
| Definite=Def|Number=Plur | barnen | barnens |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Sing | barn | barns |
| Definite=Ind|Number=Plur | barn | barns |
Case seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 95% lemmas (5535) occur only with one value of Case.
ADJ
8466 sv-pos/ADJ tokens (100% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Case co-occurred: Tense=EMPTY (6902; 82%), VerbForm=EMPTY (6902; 82%), Degree=Pos (5934; 70%), Gender=EMPTY (5330; 63%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(20; 0% of non-emptyCase): anställdas, enskildes, försäkrades, äldres, andres, avlidnes, dubbelarbetandes, efterkommandes, enskilds, frånskildasNom(8446; 100% of non-emptyCase): olika, andra, första, nya, många, stora, stor, större, vissa, helaEMPTY(32): European, New, S:t, ev, fri-, låg-, American, Boiling, Economic, Free
| Paradigm annan | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| _ | andra | |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | andre | andres |
| Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing | andra | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Com|Number=Sing | annan | |
| Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | annat | |
| Degree=Pos|Number=Plur | andra |
Case seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 99% lemmas (1824) occur only with one value of Case.
PRON
2613 sv-pos/PRON tokens (44% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Case co-occurred: Definite=Def (1934; 74%), PronType=Prs (1889; 72%), Gender=Com (1680; 64%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Case:
Acc(726; 28% of non-emptyCase): sig, dem, oss, dig, varandra, mig, henne, honom, sej, varannNom(1887; 72% of non-emptyCase): man, de, vi, du, han, jag, hon, ni, bägge, enEMPTY(3355): det, som, den, detta, vad, en, andra, något, många, alla
| Paradigm de | Nom | Acc |
|---|---|---|
| PronType=Ind | de | |
| PronType=Prs | de | dem |
| PronType=Rel | de | |
| PronType=Tot | dem |
NUM
1733 sv-pos/NUM tokens (100% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Case co-occurred: NumType=Card (1733; 100%).
NUM tokens may have the following values of Case:
Nom(1733; 100% of non-emptyCase): två, tre, en, 1, 20, 2, ett, 1970, 3, 10EMPTY(8): ett-, 1700-, 1950-, tre-, två-
Case seems to be lexical feature of NUM. 100% lemmas (479) occur only with one value of Case.
PROPN
1337 sv-pos/PROPN tokens (98% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
PROPN tokens may have the following values of Case:
Gen(153; 11% of non-emptyCase): Sveriges, EEC:s, Guds, Stockholms, FN:s, Kristi, KF:s, Parsons, Europas, JesuNom(1184; 89% of non-emptyCase): Sverige, EEC, Stockholm, USA, ATP, Gud, Göteborg, Horn, Danmark, IndienEMPTY(24): A, AF, B, Belgien, CH, D, DK, Danmark, F, FL
| Paradigm Sverige | Nom | Gen |
|---|---|---|
| Sverige | Sveriges |
Case seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 92% lemmas (476) occur only with one value of Case.
VERB
49 sv-pos/VERB tokens (0% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Case.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Case co-occurred: Mood=EMPTY (49; 100%), VerbForm=Part (49; 100%), Voice=EMPTY (49; 100%), Tense=Past (49; 100%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Case:
Nom(49; 100% of non-emptyCase): påverkade, vald, vänd, hörselskadad, tvungna, accepterad, anpassade, bedövade, diciplinerade, emanciperadeEMPTY(11537): är, har, finns, vara, blir, få, får, var, ha, gäller
Case seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 100% lemmas (40) occur only with one value of Case.
Relations with Agreement in Case
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Case:
NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (4375; 98%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (3006; 95%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (1912; 92%),
NOUN –[det]–> ADJ (1271; 97%),
NOUN –[nummod]–> NUM (939; 81%),
ADJ –[nmod]–> NOUN (501; 98%),
ADJ –[nsubj]–> NOUN (483; 100%),
ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (380; 100%),
NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (258; 90%),
NOUN –[nsubj]–> NOUN (251; 93%).
Case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]