obj

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`obj`: direct object

Typically, the object is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon or which undergoes a change of state or motion (the proto-patient). In Classical Armenian, the object is marked by the accusative case. Classical Armenian is usually discribed as a language with a flexible (S)VO word order, and the position of the direct object is not fixed.

Classical Armenian has a differential object marking. The referentially prominent direct object is marked by an adposition զ= / z= (see Case).



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Ի սկզբանէ արար Աստուած զ երկին եւ զ երկիր : \n In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth .
obj(արար, երկին)
obj(արար, երկիր)
obj(created, heaven)
obj(created, earth)
{
    "text": "Ի սկզբանէ արար Աստուած զ երկին եւ զ երկիր : \n In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 23, 24 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 36, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 42, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 46, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 49, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T14", "token", [ [ 53, 62 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T15", "token", [ [ 63, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T16", "token", [ [ 67, 74 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T17", "token", [ [ 75, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T18", "token", [ [ 79, 85 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T19", "token", [ [ 86, 89 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T20", "token", [ [ 90, 93 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T21", "token", [ [ 94, 99 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T22", "token", [ [ 100, 101 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T9" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R3", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T16" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T18" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T16" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T21" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Եւ ընթացեալ մի ոմն ելից սպունգ մի քացախով : \n And one ran and filled a spunge with vinegar .
obj(ելից, սպունգ)
obj(filled, spunge)
{
    "text": "Եւ ընթացեալ մի ոմն ելից սպունգ մի քացախով : \n And one ran and filled a spunge with vinegar . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 23 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 24, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 42, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 46, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 50, 53 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 54, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T14", "token", [ [ 58, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T15", "token", [ [ 62, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T16", "token", [ [ 69, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T17", "token", [ [ 71, 77 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T18", "token", [ [ 78, 82 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T19", "token", [ [ 83, 90 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T20", "token", [ [ 91, 92 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T15" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T17" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

If there are two core arguments in the accusative, only one of them has the obj relation, while others are iobj.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
հարցից եւ ես զ ձեզ բան մի \n I will ask you one question
obj(հարցից, բան)
iobj(հարցից, ձեզ)
obj(ask, question)
iobj(ask, you)
{
    "text": "հարցից եւ ես զ ձեզ բան մի \n I will ask you one question ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 15, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 19, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 28, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 30, 34 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 35, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 39, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 43, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 47, 55 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T1" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R3", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T14" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R4", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T12" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Dependents in the accusative, which are not core arguments, take the obl relation.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
բազում անգամ [Acc] անկանի ի հուր \n many times he falls into the fire
obl(անկանի, անգամ)
{
    "text": "բազում անգամ [Acc] անկանի ի հուր \n many times he falls into the fire ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 19, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 26, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 28, 32 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 35, 39 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 40, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T10", "token", [ [ 46, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 49, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 55, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 60, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 64, 68 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "obl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

References

Jensen, Hans. 1959. Altarmenische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Winter.

Klein, Jared. 2017. The syntax of Armenian. In: J. Klein et al. (eds.), Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics. Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter: 1097‒1115.

Samvelian, Pollet, Pegah Faghiri, Victoria Khurshudyan. 2023. On the persistence of SVO: the case of Modern Eastern Armenian. Linguistics 61/3: 459‒497.

obj in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [gsw] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kmr] [ky] [mr] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ro] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [swl] [tr] [u] [uz] [vi] [xcl] [yue] [zh]

obj: direct object

References

`obj`: direct object