PART

This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.

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`PART`: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, or subordinating conjunctions). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood etc. Ukrainian particles are not inflected.

Note that response words such as так “yes”, ні “no”, etc. are considered particles in grammars of Ukrainian but they are tagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ні can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “nor”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a conjunction.

Examples

Sentence modality: но, хай, нехай (“May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
тільки “just, only”
аж “only, as late as, even, up to”

Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)

There are 21 PART lemmas (3%), 21 PART types (3%) and 61 PART tokens (4%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 6 in number of lemmas, 9 in number of types and 8 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: не, то, би, бим, ось, аж, б, же, за, навіть

The 10 most frequent PART types: не, то, Ось, би, бим, Ото, Так, Чи, аж, б

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: то (PART 4, PRON 1), за (ADP 4, PART 1), просто (ADV 1, PART 1), так (ADV 3, INTJ 1, PART 1), тільки (PART 1, ADV 1), це (PRON 14, PART 1), чи (CONJ 4, PART 1), ще (ADV 3, PART 1), щоб (SCONJ 11, PART 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: то (PART 4, PRON 1), Так (INTJ 1, PART 1), Чи (PART 1, CONJ 1), за (ADP 3, PART 1), просто (ADV 1, PART 1), тільки (PART 1, ADV 1), це (PRON 7, PART 1), ще (ADV 3, PART 1), щоб (SCONJ 11, PART 1)

то
- PART 4: Сиджу на парах і не знаю , чи то я сплю , чи то дрімаю …
- PRON 1: Чи я сплю чи то сниться мені ?
Так
- INTJ 1: Так , лікарю , саме цієї ночі .
- PART 1: Так як же інакше !
Чи
- PART 1: Чи то не він це шукав ?
- CONJ 1: Чи я сплю чи то сниться мені ?
за
- ADP 3: Але ти не думай , що все вже за нами .
- PART 1: Що то за звір такий , теорема Піфагора ?
просто
- ADV 1: Але ти , малий , не думай , що все так просто .
- PART 1: Не те щоб не знав , просто забув .
тільки
- PART 1: Як тільки прокидається , біжить до вікна .
- ADV 1: Той , що шукає досконалості , є приречений створити тільки фрагменти .
це
- PRON 7: Не забуваймо , це ще не все .
- PART 1: Василю Петровичу , ну що це Ви ?
ще
- ADV 3: Не забуваймо , це ще не все .
- PART 1: Його , батька , я ще бачив , коли проминав вітрину крамниці на розі бульвару Пуанкаре , торговельного дому « Взуття для делікатних ніг » , де він був за першого продавця .
щоб
- SCONJ 11: Всім важливо , щоб нами зберігався спокій .
- PART 1: Мені важливо , щоб був збережений спокій .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.172859).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “аж”: аж.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “б”: б.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “би”: би.

PART does not occur with any features.

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 6 different relations: neg (35; 57% instances), discourse (12; 20% instances), mark (8; 13% instances), aux (4; 7% instances), expl (1; 2% instances), root (1; 2% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: VERB (35; 57% instances), ADJ (7; 11% instances), ADV (7; 11% instances), PRON (6; 10% instances), DET (2; 3% instances), NOUN (2; 3% instances), PART (1; 2% instances), ROOT (1; 2% instances)

59 (97%) PART nodes are leaves.

1 (2%) PART nodes have one child.

1 (2%) PART nodes have two children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 2.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 3 different relations: mark (1; 33% instances), nsubj (1; 33% instances), punct (1; 33% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 3 different parts of speech: NOUN (1; 33% instances), PART (1; 33% instances), PUNCT (1; 33% instances)