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UD Greek Lesbian

Language: Greek (code: el)
Family: IE

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.16 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Stavros Bompolas, Stella Markantonatou, Antonios Anastasopoulos, Vivian Stamou.

Repository: UD_Greek-Lesbian
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.17

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: grammar-examples, spoken, fiction

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Greek-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [s • bompolas (æt) athenarc • gr]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS not available
Features annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

A Universal Dependencies (UD) treebank for the dialect of Lesbos, a low-resource living Northern variety of Modern Greek. The treebank currently contains 540 sentences with manual annotations following the Universal Dependencies framework, representing the first UD treebank for a Northern Modern Greek dialect.

The Lesbos dialect belongs to the Northern Modern Greek dialect group, characterized by distinctive phonological features collectively known as “Northern vocalism.” These features include:

These features significantly distinguish the dialect of Lesbos from Southern dialects, including Standard Modern Greek (SMG). The dialect has been historically shaped by extensive contact with Italo-Romance (particularly Venetian) during 1355-1462 and Turkish during the Ottoman period (1462-1912), resulting in numerous loanwords and morphological elements. Unlike most Modern Greek dialects, Lesbian remains vital today, serving as the primary means of communication throughout the island.

This treebank represents the first Universal Dependencies resource for a Northern Modern Greek dialect.

Annotation Process

The treebank follows the UD annotation guidelines established for UD_Greek-GUD, complemented by grammatical descriptions and dialect dictionaries. Key annotation features include:

Tokenization

Lemmatization

Special Annotations

Data Sources

The corpus draws from six main sources representing different text types and dialectal variants from across Lesbos. The treebank consists of randomly shuffled sentences coming from these sources:

Dialectal Dictionaries (example sentences)

Contemporary Lesbian Literature

Oral Corpus (Field Research 2023–2024)

In addition to written sources, the dataset includes oral sentences transcribed from recordings collected during fieldwork conducted across multiple villages of Lesbos between 2023 and 2024. These recordings capture speakers of different ages and local varieties, reflecting the living use and intra-island variation of the dialect.

Acknowledgments

This work has been carried out within the Archimedes Research Unit of the Athena Research Center, Greece. It has been partially supported by project MIS 5154714 of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan Greece 2.0, funded by the European Union under the NextGenerationEU Program. It also received support from the CA21167 COST action UniDive, funded by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

Statistics of UD Greek Lesbian

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB – X

Features

Aspect – Case – Definite – Degree – ExtPos – Gender – Mood – Number – NumType – Person – Polarity – Poss – PronType – Style – Tense – Typo – VerbForm – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advcl:relcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – case – cc – ccomp – compound – compound:redup – conj – cop – csubj – det – discourse – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – goeswith – iobj – mark – nmod – nsubj – nsubj:pass – nummod – obj – obl – obl:agent – orphan – parataxis – punct – reparandum – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Relations Overview