DET: determiner
DET
Definition
Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases and express the reference of the noun phrase in context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.
In Pomak the triple post-positioned definite article is part of the word, thus it is not considered a determiner.
The tag PRON is assigned to the strong and week personal pronouns, the week types of possessive pronouns and the reflexive pronous sá/sé/só and sí. All the other words that have been considered as pronouns traditionally are assigned the tag DET:
Examples
- possessive determiners: moj “my”, tvoj “your”, vášy déti som ne vídeval pa itúzi “I did not see your children around here”
-
demonstrative determiners (
PronType=Dem):- isazí / itazí / inazí “this” “this one here - proximal / this one there -medial / that one over there - distal” as in fčéra paračíh isózek tomofíle “yesterday I ordered this car here”
- isakvózen / itakvózen / inakvózen “such” “this kind of - proximal / that kind of - medial / any kind in general of - distal” , isakvýzne ameníje li íšteš da tí kúpem? “[is it]this kind of shoes you want me to buy you?”
- isazí / itazí / inazí “this” “this one here - proximal / this one there -medial / that one over there - distal” as in fčéra paračíh isózek tomofíle “yesterday I ordered this car here”
- interrogative determiners when followed by a noun (
PronType=Int):- kakvóv “what kind”, kakvý drípy íšteš da sí kupóvaš? “what kind of clothes you want to buy [for yourself]?”
- kutrí “who” “which”, kutrók telifóna sí izbrá? “which phone did you choose [for yourself]?”
- kólko “how much/many”, kólko parý zímaš faf mesecáne? “how much money to you get/ earn per month?”
- kač , e.g. kač kiší “how many people”, kač kiší ste faf kóštono? “how many people are you at home?”
- relative determiners (
PronType=Rel):- kakvóvsa / kakvóvta / kakvóvna “such as here - proximal / such as there - medial / such as over there - distal” “whatever here - proximal / whatever there -medial / whatever over there - distal”, kakvána telifóna íšteš inakvázne še tí kúpem “whatever telephone you ask [for], I shall buy it for you”
- kutrísa / kutríta / kutrína “whoever / whatever” “whoever here - proximal /whoever there - medial / whoever over there - distal” “the very same here - proximal / the very same there - medial / the very same over there - distal”, faf kutrókte déne pánna gulǽmyjet snæg nýje só fátihme faf séloto “whatever / the very same day it snowed a lot, we were caught (trapped) at the village”
- kólkoso / kólkoto / kólkono “as much as here - proximal / as much as there - medial / as much as over there - distal”, “whatever here - proximal / whatever there -medial / whatever over there - distal” kólkoto parý imǽh pahárčih gi “as much as / whatever money I had, I spent it”
- žýjes / žýjet / žýjen “the one here who… - proximal/ the one there who… - medial / the one over there who… - distal” “this… here who - proximal / this…. there - medial /- this… over there who -distal” , žýne póteve so adbáveny, trǽbava da so nagadǿt “ those streets that are ruined,they should be repaired”
- indefinite determiners (
PronType=Ind) :- nǽ kakvóv “of some kind / quality - no matter what”, še íma nǽ kakvá kǽre - na móza da je prez kǽre “he must have some kind of a profit (I do not care what) - it cannot be without a profit”
- nó kakvóv “of some kind / quality - no matter what”, nó kakvá kitápe ištǽšo da sí kupóva, alá na znom nájda li go “he wanted to buy some kind of a book (unknown to me), but I do not know if he found it”
- nó kutrí “someone”, nó kutrí čulǽk mú je kázal za tébe, če predávaš húbava méda “someone (unknown to me) told him about you, that you sell good / nice honey”
- nó kólko “quite some” “several” “many”, nó kólko godíny sétne só je vórnal nah sélono “many years later he returned to (the) village”
- nó kač “a number of” “several”, e.g., nó kač kiší “a number of people”, nó kač bin kiší so astánali prez rábato “several thousands of people have been left without (a) job”
- badín “someone” “some person”, kugána badín čulǽk na zno nǽko, pó húbbe je da pýta “when someone / some person does not know something, it is better to ask”
- adín / edín / idín “a”, adín nov tüǧárin kupóva balkáncka méda “a new merchant is buying mountain honey”
- mlógo “a lot of” “many” mlógo darvá goríme zimóse “a lot of wood we burn in winter” - “we burn a lot of wood during winter”
- málko / mífko “a little” “a few”, málko tütǘne predádahme laní “a little tobacco we sold last year” - “last year we sold a few of our tobacco”
- mlózi / mlozína “many” “a lot of”, mlózi lenǧepére sprǽho da rábatøt tütǘne “a lot of farmers stopped growing tobacco
- malmína “few” “a few” , malmína mládi astánaho faf séloso “few young stayed at the village” - “a few young people are left at the village”
- drug “other” “another”, drugá rábata je inázi, za žóno tí kázavom ja - “it is another job the one I am telling you about” [lit.”another is this job about the one I am telling you”]
- ínakvov “different” “another kind of”, ínakvo rábato íštom da sí nájdom “a different job I want to find” [lit. “another kind of job I want to find”]
- nǽko “some” “any”, da si ne vídeval nǽko kúče pa itúzi? “perhaps you have seen some dog around here?”
- collective determiners (
PronType=Tot) :- sǽ kakvóv “of all types” “of all kinds” , na pazárene só predáva sǽ kakvóv zarzavát “at the farmer’s-market all kinds of vegetable are sold”
- sǽ kutrí “everybody” “everyone” “every”, sǽ kutró sélo sí íma mečíte “every village has its school”
- vrit “all” “every” “the whole of”
- vrit rábatono je toj právi “he does all the job (alone)’ [lit.”all the job, he does it - he does all the job (alone)”]
- faf Nedéle so vrit dukǽnovene zatvóreny “on Sundays all shops are closed” - “on Sundays every shop is closed”
- vrit selása só pláčet za vódo “all vilages suffer from water shortage”
- vrítsi “all”
- vrítsi stárise zímot naj málko 300 evró ajlýka faf mesecáne “all elderly people get less than 300 euros as a pension per month”
- sǽko “every”
- sǽko lǽto hódime na denízene “every summer we go to the sea”
- sǽko čulǽk sí je sas kysmétene “every person is with his luck / fate” - “every man has his own luck /fate”
- sǽko žaná trǽbava da go zno isazí “every woman should know this”
- negative determiners (
PronType=Neg):- ní kakvóv “of no kind / sort / quality”, ní kakvá rábata mú só na pagáda “no kind of job is of his preference” - “no kind of job does suit him” - “he does not like any kind of job” - “no kind of job suits him”
- ní kutrí “nobody” “no one” “none” “no…”, ní kutrí pot je ne císten skóra “none street has been cleaned recently” - “no street has been cleaned recently”
- ní kólko “not at all” “no one” “none” “any”, ní kólko parý na pahárčih pa pot “I did not spend any money on the way”
- ní kač “nobody” as in ní kač kiší “nobody”, ad žǽhte attídaho na Alamánje ní kač kiší só na vórnaho - vrítsi sí kúpiho kóšte i astánaho itám “of all those (people) who went to Germany, nobody came back - they all bought houses and stayed there”
Most of Pomak determiners inflect for Gender, Number and Case.
- GENDER
- kutrí “who.Masc”, kutrá “who.Fem”, kutró “which.Neut”
- badín “someone.Masc”, banná “someone.Fem”, bannó “something.Neut”
- adín “a.Masc”, anná “.Fem”, annó “a.Neut”
- CASE
- kutrí (Nom), kutrómu (Gen), kutrók (Acc)
- badín (Nom), bannómu (Gen), bannók (Acc)
- adín (Nom), annómu (Gen), annók (Acc)
- NUMBER
- kutrí / ktrómu “who.Sg / whose.Sg”, kutrí / kutrǽm “who.Pl / whose.Pl”
- badín “someone.Masc.Sg”, banní “some people.Masc.Pl”
- adín “a.Masc.Sg”, anní “some.Masc.Pl”
The following determiners do not inflect .
- kólko (kólkoso/kólkoto/kólkono) “as much as”
- mlógo (mlógoso/mlógoto/mlógono) “much”
- málko (málkoso/málkoto/málkono) “little”
- mífko (mífkoso/mífkoto/mífkono) “little”
- kač “how much”
- nǽko “something”
- sǽko “every”
- vrit “all”
DET in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [fro] [fr] [ga] [grc] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sla] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [yue] [zh]