cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb. Copular heads are avoided when possible.
Bill är en ärlig man \n Bill is an honest man
cop(man-5, är)
nsubj(man-5, Bill-1)
amod(man-5, ärlig)
det(man-5, en)
Prepositional phrases are annotated similarly, the only difference being that the nominal predicate has an additional case marker.
Bill är från Kalifornien \n Bill is from California
case(Kalifornien, från)
cop(Kalifornien, är)
nsubj(Kalifornien, Bill-1)
When an adjective or adverb is being predicated of a nominal phrase, the adjective/adverb is the root, the nominal phrase is the nsubj, and the copula is the cop.
Bill är ärlig \n Bill is honest
nsubj(ärlig, Bill-1)
cop(ärlig, är)
Det var igår \n It was yesterday
nsubj(igår, Det)
cop(igår, var)
Prepositions may also project a cop dependent.
Ljuset är på \n The light is on
cop(på, är)
nsubj(på, Ljuset)
In predicative wh-constructions, the fronted wh-word is the head, and the copula is another cop.
Vad är det ? \n What is that ?
cop(Vad, är)
nsubj(Vad, det)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
This relation is universal.
1618 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
1455 instances of cop (90%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.33498145859085.
The following 10 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: sv-pos/ADJ-sv-pos/AUX (957; 59% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/AUX (560; 35% instances), sv-pos/PRON-sv-pos/AUX (60; 4% instances), sv-pos/ADV-sv-pos/AUX (13; 1% instances), sv-pos/NUM-sv-pos/AUX (10; 1% instances), sv-pos/ADP-sv-pos/AUX (7; 0% instances), sv-pos/VERB-sv-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances), sv-pos/DET-sv-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/PROPN-sv-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), sv-pos/NOUN-sv-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances).
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1 Man man PRON PN|UTR|SIN|IND|SUB Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 har ha VERB VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 anledning anledning NOUN NN|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
4 att att PART IE _ 6 mark _ _
5 vara vara AUX VB|INF|AKT VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
6 pessimistisk pessimistisk ADJ JJ|POS|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Degree=Pos|Gender=Com|Number=Sing 3 acl _ _
7 . . PUNCT MAD _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Sakta sakta ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Degree=Pos 10 nsubj _ _
2 och och CONJ KN _ 1 cc _ _
3 kanske kanske ADV AB _ 6 advmod _ _
4 rent ren ADV AB|POS Degree=Pos 6 advmod _ _
5 av av ADP PP _ 4 mwe _ _
6 avsaktande avsaktande ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN/PLU|IND/DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Degree=Pos 1 conj _ _
7 är vara AUX VB|PRS|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 10 cop _ _
8 det en DET DT|NEU|SIN|DEF Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 10 det _ _
9 rätta rätt ADJ JJ|POS|UTR/NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 10 det _ _
10 ordet ord NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
11 . . PUNCT MAD _ 10 punct _ _
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1 Annat annan PRON PN|NEU|SIN|IND|SUB/OBJ Definite=Ind|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 var vara AUX VB|PRT|AKT Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 cop _ _
3 det den PRON PN|NEU|SIN|DEF|SUB/OBJ Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
4 i i ADP PP _ 5 case _ _
5 bondesamhället bondesamhälle NOUN NN|NEU|SIN|DEF|NOM Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
6 . . PUNCT MAD _ 1 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]