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Gender: gender

Gender is a lexical feature of nouns and inflectional feature of other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs) that mark agreement with nouns. There are three values of gender: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

See also the related feature of Animacy.

Masc: masculine gender

Nouns denoting male persons are masculine. Other nouns may be also grammatically masculine, without any relation to sex.

Examples

• добродій  “gentleman”
• замок  “castle”
• чоловік  “man”
• пристрій  “machine”
• голова  “chairman”
• суддя  “judge”

Note that the last two nouns above can also function as feminine (technically these are two different lemmas), depending on whether these functions designate men or women, with exactly the same (feminine in this case) morphological paradigm and agreeing with adjectivals and verbal forms in the feminine form, respectively. (Historically they are feminine too, with the typical endings -а  or -я .)

Fem: feminine gender

Nouns denoting female persons are feminine. Other nouns may be also grammatically feminine, without any relation to sex.

Examples

• жінка  “woman”
• троянда  “rose”
• пісня  “song”
• кістка  “bone”

Neut: neuter gender

This third gender is for nouns that are neither masculine nor feminine (grammatically). Nouns whose nominative suffix is -о  or -е  (including a large group of deverbative nouns denoting actions) are usually neuter.

Examples

• місто  “city”
• море  “sea”
• курча  “chicken”
• ставлення  “attitude”

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Fem, Masc, Neut.

597 tokens (36%) have a non-empty value of Gender. 416 types (59%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. 357 lemmas (59%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. The feature is used with 7 part-of-speech tags: NOUN (243; 14% instances), VERB (112; 7% instances), PRON (88; 5% instances), ADJ (78; 5% instances), PROPN (49; 3% instances), DET (23; 1% instances), NUM (4; 0% instances).

NOUN

243 NOUN tokens (94% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Gender co-occurred: Animacy=Inan (177; 73%), Number=EMPTY (177; 73%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (106; 44% of non-empty Gender): груші, модель, бджолами, бджоли, гривень, думку, копанку, математики, мураха, ніч
• Masc (115; 47% of non-empty Gender): спокій, хлопець, Начальник, доларів, футболіст, брат, водій, вокзалі, математики, номер
• Neut (22; 9% of non-empty Gender): яблуку, Село, яблука, Взуття, Фото, алібі, бажання, використання, вікна, збереження
• EMPTY (15): квіти, дітей, Діти, ЕНТЕР, дітям, людей, макарони, селяві, труднощі, усюд

Gender seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 100% lemmas (181) occur only with one value of Gender.

VERB

112 VERB tokens (35% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Gender co-occurred: Number=EMPTY (112; 100%), Mood=Ind (112; 100%), Tense=Past (112; 100%), Person=EMPTY (112; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (112; 100%), Aspect=Perf (60; 54%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (21; 19% of non-empty Gender): була, мила, обманювала, полюбляла, Почала, виглядала, говорила, думала, здавалася, йшла
• Masc (74; 66% of non-empty Gender): був, пішов, сказав, виграв, зберігався, зустрів, намалював, повернувся, прийшов, Випав
• Neut (17; 15% of non-empty Gender): було, сталося, Лило, гнітило, грало, довелося, дійшло, привалило, розповідалося, трапилося
• EMPTY (207): є, каже, плаває, зберігати, навчають, Кажуть, буде, зароблено, копати, мусять

Paradigm бути	Masc	Fem	Neut
	був	була	було

Gender seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 95% lemmas (59) occur only with one value of Gender.

PRON

88 PRON tokens (58% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Gender co-occurred: Number=EMPTY (88; 100%), Case=Nom (58; 66%), Animacy=EMPTY (51; 58%), Person=3 (51; 58%), PronType=Prs (51; 58%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (12; 14% of non-empty Gender): вона, її, їй
• Masc (43; 49% of non-empty Gender): він, його, ним, хто, Ким, Той, йому
• Neut (33; 38% of non-empty Gender): це, що, те, все, всім, то, тому, цього, чого, чогось
• EMPTY (65): ти, я, дехто, вони, мені, мене, ми, нас, них, ніхто

Gender seems to be lexical feature of PRON. 100% lemmas (10) occur only with one value of Gender.

ADJ

78 ADJ tokens (85% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Gender co-occurred: Number=EMPTY (78; 100%), NumType=EMPTY (68; 87%), Voice=EMPTY (59; 76%), VerbForm=EMPTY (59; 76%), Aspect=EMPTY (59; 76%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (26; 33% of non-empty Gender): мила, Зелена, Минулої, Найпростіша, бронзову, втомлена, вчорашньої, гарна, голою, дев’ятою
• Masc (32; 41% of non-empty Gender): перший, швидший, першим, повинен, чесний, Кінцевий, Одинокий, Оскарженого, висланий, високий
• Neut (20; 26% of non-empty Gender): Важливим, далекому, минулому, розташоване, зауважене, зроблене, легшого, минулим, передбачене, пожовтілим
• EMPTY (14): Бородаті, Кольорові, Об’єднаних, Українські, американські, даними, делікатних, зловлені, злотих, незнайомими

Paradigm минулий	Fem	Neut
Case=Gen	Минулої
Case=Ins		минулим
Case=Loc		минулому

Gender seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 96% lemmas (54) occur only with one value of Gender.

PROPN

49 PROPN tokens (96% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Gender co-occurred: Animacy=Anim (41; 84%), Case=Nom (33; 67%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (12; 24% of non-empty Gender): Крушельниця, С’юзі, Маріє, Ніна, Олени, Полтави, Розмарі, Савченко, Христина, Шевченко
• Masc (37; 76% of non-empty Gender): Микола, Павло, Богдан, Кеннеді, Петро, Стрий, Іван, Ігоря, Богдана, Валентина
• EMPTY (2): Карпатах, Самсунг

Gender seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 100% lemmas (36) occur only with one value of Gender.

DET

23 DET tokens (68% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Gender co-occurred: Number=EMPTY (23; 100%), Person=EMPTY (19; 83%), Reflex=EMPTY (19; 83%), Poss=EMPTY (15; 65%), Case=Nom (12; 52%).

DET tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (12; 52% of non-empty Gender): свою, його, Котра, Котру, Та, Ця, моя, цієї, якусь
• Masc (11; 48% of non-empty Gender): той, цей, кожному, котрого, мій, свого, такий, який
• EMPTY (11): Ті, Ваші, своїми, своїх, такими, усіх, цих, іншими, її

Paradigm той	Masc	Fem
	той	Та

NUM

4 NUM tokens (11% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Gender co-occurred: NumType=Card (4; 100%), Number=EMPTY (4; 100%), Case=Acc (3; 75%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (2; 50% of non-empty Gender): дві
• Masc (2; 50% of non-empty Gender): Один, півтора
• EMPTY (33): 50, мільйонів, 5, 200, 3, 8, П’ять, багатьма, 1, 14

Relations with Agreement in Gender

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Gender: NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (29; 85%), VERB –[nsubj]–> NOUN (18; 53%), VERB –[nsubj]–> PROPN (13; 81%), NOUN –[det]–> DET (13; 72%), ADJ –[nsubj]–> NOUN (8; 100%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (6; 75%), VERB –[aux]–> VERB (5; 63%), PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (3; 75%), PROPN –[appos]–> NOUN (3; 75%), VERB –[conj]–> VERB (3; 100%).

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