Tense: tense
Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance.
Past: past tense
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. Past tense in Ukrainian is expressed by a special past form, historically derived from the past participle (also called active participle or l-participle – which is why past is the only tense that also varies in gender). In the pre-past version of the past tense the same form is accompanied by a past auxiliary verb. The past tense form can also be used to form present (or past, depending on the tense of the auxiliary verb) conditional. Since both pre-past and conditionals are formed analytically, they do not receive any morphological tags.
Examples
- Я пішов додому. “I
Maschave gone home.” - Я пішла додому. “I
Femhave gone home.” - Я пішло додому. “I
Neuthave gone home.” - Ти пішов додому. “You
Maschave gone home.” - Ти пішла додому. “You
Femhave gone home.” - Ти пішло додому. “You
Neuthave gone home.” - Він пішов додому. “He has gone home.”
- Вона пішла додому. “She has gone home.”
- Воно пішло додому. “It has gone home.”
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen. Only imperfective verbs can have present forms in Ukrainian. Morphologically present forms of perfective verbs have actually a future meaning and are marked Tense=Fut, see the last example below.
Examples
- Ходжу додому. “I come home.” (Ходити is an imperfective verb.)
- Приходжу додому. “I keep/am coming home.” (Приходити is an imperfective verb.)
- Йду додому. “I go / am going home.” (Йти is an imperfective verb.)
- Прийду додому. “I will come home.” (Прийти is a perfective verb and it has a future meaning on the contrary to the imperfective forms above.)
Fut: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. It is formed in Ukrainian in one of three ways, partly depending on the aspect of the verb:
- Perfective verbs use present declension patterns to form future tense.
- The verb бути “to be” has a set of distinct future forms. They combine a future stem буд- with present endings.
Although these forms are morphologically very close to the present forms, they are tagged
Tense=Futbecause the same lemma has also present forms and the feature must distinguish the two. - Synthetic future forms are one of distinctive features of Ukrainian among other Slavic languages. They use the infinitive stem and endings being historically shortened future forms of the auxiliary verb мати “to have”. The future synthetic forms of мати “to have”: матиму, матимеш, матиме, матимемо, матимете, матимуть. The future synthetic forms of робити “to do”: робитиму, робитимеш, робитиме, робитимемо, робитимете, робитимуть.
- Note that all the imperfective Ukrainian verbs, with the exception of бути “to be” itself, can also form a periphrastic future, consisting of the future form of the auxiliary бути, _ and the infinitive of the content verb. Only the auxiliary will have
Tense=Fut, while there will be no tense information at the infinitive.
Examples
- Прийду додому. “I will come home.” (Прийти is a perfective verb.)
- Йтиму додому. “I will be coming home.” (Йти is an imperfective verb, here the syntheic future form is used.)
- Буду йти додому. “I will be coming home.” (Йти is an imperfective verb, the future tense is formed periphrastically here.)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.
243 tokens (14%) have a non-empty value of Tense.
141 types (20%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
109 lemmas (18%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense.
The feature is used with 1 part-of-speech tags: VERB (243; 14% instances).
VERB
243 VERB tokens (76% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (242; 100%), Mood=Ind (242; 100%), Aspect=Imp (168; 69%), Gender=EMPTY (131; 54%), Person=EMPTY (126; 52%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:
Fut(13; 5% of non-emptyTense): буде, Запитаю, змінять, Зустріну, Піду, наїмся, прийдете, урятуєPast(125; 51% of non-emptyTense): був, пішов, сказав, було, була, виграв, запізнилися, зберігався, зустрів, милаPres(105; 43% of non-emptyTense): є, каже, плаває, навчають, Кажуть, мусять, любиш, сплю, Вважаю, СподіваємосяEMPTY(76): зберігати, зароблено, копати, Почекайте, плавати, розмовляти, чекати, Іди, бути, думай
| Paradigm бути | Pres | Fut | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc | був | ||
| Gender=Fem | була | ||
| Gender=Neut | було | ||
| Number=Sing|Person=3 | є | буде | |
| Number=Plur | були |
Tense seems to be lexical feature of VERB. 92% lemmas (100) occur only with one value of Tense.
Relations with Agreement in Tense
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense:
VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (18; 69%),
VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (10; 91%),
VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (5; 71%),
VERB –[aux]–> VERB (5; 56%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (5; 100%).
Tense in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]