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Tense: tense

Turkish has a complex tense/aspect/modality system.

Turkish verbs can indicates actions in the present, past or future. Complex tenses for actions that happened before, during, and after a past event can also be specified by suffixation. The actions that happen before/after/during a future event is expressed using an auxiliary.

The verbs expressing actions that happened before a reference in the past are marked with value Pqp. For events that happen during the past reference, we use Tense=Past with proper progressive (Prog) or habitual (not in current UD specification) Aspect.

Past: paste tense

Turkish past tense is realized with -DI or -mIş suffixes on verbal predicates, and with -(y)DI and -(y)mIş suffixes on nominal predicates. The difference between the -DI and -mIş forms are related to Mood rather than Tense. Both morphemes refer to a (completed) past event.

These suffixes also combine with others to refer to time relative to a past event, which will be discussed below.

Examples

Fut: future tense

Turkish future tense is expressed with suffix -(y)AcAk. Copular predicates cannot directly take future Tense morphemes. Future tense in nominal phrases are expressed using auxiliary ol-.

Examples

Pres: present tense

The present tense in Turkish is realized by lack of past or future morphemes.

Examples

The differences between these forms are Aspect and Mood differences.

Pqp: pluperfect

This denotes an action that happened before a reference time in the past. In Turkish, this is realized by combination of -DI/-mIş and -(y)DI/-(y)mIş (only three combinations exemplified below possible). As in future tense, nominal predicates require the auxiliary ol- for this tense (hasta olmuştu ‘she had been sick’). Hence, we only mark verbal predicates with double past indicators as Pqp.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values Aor, AorPast, FutPast are language-specific. It occurs with 7 different values: Aor, AorPast, Fut, FutPast, Past, Pqp, Pres.

12035 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of Tense. 6464 types (38%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. 831 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. The feature is used with 4 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/VERB (11056; 19% instances), tr-pos/AUX (976; 2% instances), tr-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), tr-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances).

VERB

11056 tr-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Negative=Pos (9814; 89%), Register=EMPTY (9695; 88%), Mood=Ind (9594; 87%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Voice=EMPTY (9322; 84%), Case=EMPTY (8882; 80%), Aspect=Perf (8505; 77%), VerbForm=EMPTY (6304; 57%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:

Paradigm olPresFutPastPqpAorAorPastFutPast
Aspect=Imp|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmazmış
Aspect=Imp|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olurmuş
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1olamamolamazdım
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=2olamazsın
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olamazolamazdı
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1olabilirim
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2olabilirsin
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olabilirolabilirdi
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmazsa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2olursan
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olursa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olurlarsa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1olmam
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmaz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|VerbForm=Partolmaz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1olurdum
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2olursun
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olurolurdu
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1oluruz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olurlar
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmayacağındanolmadığından
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|VerbForm=Gerolmamaktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Gerolmamdan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|VerbForm=Partolduğundan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğundan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolmaktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Partolduktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolabileceğini
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolmadığımızı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmadıklarını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmayacağınıolmadığını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolduğumuzu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduklarını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolduğumu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmasını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğunu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passolunduğunu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolmayı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolabileceğine
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmasına
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğuna
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolmaya
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmadığının
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmasının
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğunun
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolmanın
Aspect=Perf|Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmasında
Aspect=Perf|Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğunda
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolabilmesi
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolabileceği
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolabilmek
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmaması, olmayışı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmadığı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|VerbForm=Gerolmama
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolmaları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partoldukları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Gerolmam
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolduğum
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Gerolması
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Passolunması
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolduğu, oldukları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Gerolmak, olma
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olmuşlarsa
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olmuştur
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olmuşlardır
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmamış
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olmuş
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olmuşlar
Aspect=Perf|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Partolmuş
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olamayacak
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olabildi
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olacaksaolduysa
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1olmasam
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=2olmasanız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3olmasalar
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1olsamolsaydım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olsaolsaydı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=GenNec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olmalıdır
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olacaktır
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmasın
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2ol
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olsun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2olun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmayacakolmadıolmamıştıolmayacaktı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1olmayacağız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolmadığımız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmadıkları
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolmayacağıolmadığı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|VerbForm=Partolmayanolmayacak
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|VerbForm=Transolmadan, olmayıp
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1oldumolmuştum
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2olacaksınoldun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olacakolduolmuştuolacaktı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1olacağızolduk
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2olacaksınız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3olacaklaroldular
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolduğumuz
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partoldukları
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|VerbForm=Partolduğum
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Partolacağıolduğu
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Partolan
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Transolup, olunca, olalı, oldukça
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1olmalıyım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2olmalısın
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3olmalıolmalıydı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1olmalıyız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3olmaya
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1olmayalım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3ola
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1olalım
Aspect=Prog|Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Infoluyormuş
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Infolabiliyorsun
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Infolabiliyor
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Infolmuyor
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Voice=Passolunmuyordu
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Infolmuyorlar
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Register=Infoluyorumoluyordum
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Infoluyorsun
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Infoluyoroluyordu
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Register=Infoluyoruz
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Register=Infoluyorsunuz
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Infoluyorlaroluyorlardı
Aspect=Rapid|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Transoluverip

AUX

976 tr-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Perf (976; 100%), Number=Sing (861; 88%), Person=3 (750; 77%), Mood=Ind (697; 71%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:

Paradigm iPresPast
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1ymışım
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2mışsın
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3ymiş, mış, miş, ymış, ymuş, eymiş, müş, muş, immiş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Transymişçesine
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1ymışız
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=1sem
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3sa, se, yse, ysa, siyse, imse
Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3dir, dır, dur, tir, tır, tur, dür, tür, 'dır, edir, üdür, ledir
Mood=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=2sinizdir
Mood=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3lardır, lerdir, dırlar, dir, durlar
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1im, yim, yım, ım, yum, akutistan'dayım, ümydim, ydım, tum, dim, ydum, dım, tım, dum, düm
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2sin, sın, s'ın, sunydin, din
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3ydi, dı, ydı, tu, ydu, tı, di, ti, du, dü, ydü, 'ydi, 'di, 'tı, 'ydı, 'dı, tü
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1ız, yız, iz, yiz, yüz, yuzydik, ydık, duk, dik
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2sınız, siniz, sunuzydınız
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3lar, lerydiler, ydılar, tılar, dular
Mood=Ind|VerbForm=Transken, yken, okurken

ADP

2 tr-pos/ADP tokens (0% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

ADP tokens may have the following values of Tense:

CONJ

1 tr-pos/CONJ tokens (0% of all CONJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

CONJ tokens may have the following values of Tense:

Relations with Agreement in Tense

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (747; 62%).


Tense in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]