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Aspect: aspect

Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed, ongoing etc.

In Turkish a set of verbal morphemes alter the Aspect feature of a verb. These morphemes often affect the Tense and Mood features as well. The mapping between the suffixes and the Aspect values may sometimes be non-trivial.

The following describes the values used for Aspect together with the suffixes typically introduce the defined Aspect value. See tr-overview/special-syntax for the discussion of mapping relevant verbal suffixes to Tense, Aspect and Mood values.

Perf: perfect aspect

The action has been / will have been completed.

Examples

• eve gitti ‘she went home’
• eve gitmiş ‘she apparently went home’
• eve gidecek ‘she will go home’
• eve gitmişti ‘she had gone home (when I arrived)’

Prog: progressive aspect

Action is in progress with respect to current or a reference time.

Turkish has two progressive markers, -(I)yor and -mAktA. Latter is used in more formal cases than former. Otherwise there is no clear distinction between the two. In some contexts, both suffixes may also indicate habitual aspect (Aspect=Hab described below).

Examples

• eve gidiyor ‘she is going home (now)’
• eve gitmekte ‘she is going home (now)’
• eve gidiyordu ‘she was going home (when I saw her)’
• eve gimekteydi ‘she was going home (when I saw her)’

Hab: habitual aspect (new proposal)

Verbal morphology in Turkish may indicate an action that happens repeatedly at present or past. This aspect is mainly marked with suffix -A/Ir. In some cases, the progressive suffix -(I)yor may indicate the habitual aspect, Her sabah 5 km koşuyorum “I ran 5 km every morning”. See Göksel and Kerslake (2005, pp289–290) for details.

Examples

• çok kitap okur ‘she reads lots of books’
• sigara içerdi ‘she used to smoke’

Rapid: rapid sudden action (new proposal)

A particular verb form formed by suffix -Iver refers to actions that are sudden or performed rapidly. Kornfilt (1995, p.361) calls this rapid or sudden aspect.

Examples

• eve gidiver ‘quickly go home!’
• eve gidiverdi ‘she immediately/suddenly went home!’

Dur: durative aspect (new proposal)

A situation or action that has persisted over a period of time and still continues. This is called durative action (e.g., Kornfilt 1995, p.362). The suffixes -Akal, -Agel and -Adur indicate this aspect (the first one might better be defined as ‘durative stative’ and others ‘durative progressive’).

Examples

• bakakaldı ‘she looked (for a while, she was frozen while looking)’
• yapagelmiştir ‘she have gone on doing (something)’
• okuyadur ‘go on reading’

Pro: prospective aspect

The action is/was about to happen.

In Turkish, combination of feature tense marker -AcAk and the past tense marker -DI signal an event that was about to happen. Another (rather rare) means of expressing prospective aspect is with the suffix -Ayaz. This form is used only in a few fixed expressions, and it only combines with the past tense forms.

Examples

• düşecekti ‘she was about to fall’
• düşeyazdı ‘she was about to fall’

References

• Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.
• Jaklin Kornfilt. Turkish. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values DurPerf, ProgRapid, Rapid are language-specific. It occurs with 6 different values: DurPerf, Imp, Perf, Prog, ProgRapid, Rapid.

12032 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 6463 types (38%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 830 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/VERB (11056; 19% instances), tr-pos/AUX (976; 2% instances).

VERB

11056 tr-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Negative=Pos (9814; 89%), Register=EMPTY (9695; 88%), Mood=Ind (9594; 87%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Voice=EMPTY (9322; 84%), Case=EMPTY (8882; 80%), VerbForm=EMPTY (6304; 57%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

• DurPerf (3; 0% of non-empty Aspect): uyuyakaldığı, uyuyakaldığını, uyuyakalmıştı
• Imp (1176; 11% of non-empty Aspect): olur, olmaz, olabilir, eder, ister, gerekir, alır, gelir, sanırım, yeter
• Perf (8505; 77% of non-empty Aspect): dedi, olan, dedim, olduğunu, değil, oldu, olduğu, söyledi, gelen, etti
• Prog (1360; 12% of non-empty Aspect): diyor, oluyor, bilmiyorum, geliyor, biliyorum, biliyor, istiyorum, gidiyoruz, yapıyor, ediyor
• ProgRapid (1; 0% of non-empty Aspect): takılıveriyor
• Rapid (11; 0% of non-empty Aspect): alıverdi, doluverdi, ediver, edivermişti, gidiverdi, giriverir, oluverip, siliniverir, tıraşlayıvermiştin, yapıverir

Paradigm ol	Imp	Perf	Prog	Rapid
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmamaktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmamdan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmaktan
Case=Acc|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğini
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığımızı
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadıklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumuzu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass		olunduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmasını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmayı
Case=Dat|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğine
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğuna
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmasına
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmaya
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğunun
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmasının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmanın
Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğunda
Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmasında
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceği
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olabilmesi
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olabilmek
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmaması, olmayışı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmama
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		oldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmaları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğum
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmam
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğu, oldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Pass		olunması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger		olmak, olma
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmuşlarsa
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmuştur
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmuşlardır
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPast	olmazmış
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmamış
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Past			oluyormuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPast	olurmuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmuşlar
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmuş
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor	olamam
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=AorPast	olamazdım
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aor	olamazsın
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olamaz
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPast	olamazdı
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olamayacak
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor	olabilirim
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			olabiliyorsun
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aor	olabilirsin
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			olabiliyor
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olabilir
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPast	olabilirdi
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olabildi
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olmazsa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aor	olursan
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olursa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olacaksa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olduysa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olurlarsa
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olmasam
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres		olmasanız
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olmasalar
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past		olsaydım
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olsam
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olsaydı
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olsa
Mood=GenNec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olmalıdır
Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olacaktır
Mood=Imp|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olmasın
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres		ol
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olsun
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres		olun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aor	olmam
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass			olunmuyordu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			olmuyor
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olmaz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olmayacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=FutPast		olmayacaktı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmadı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pqp		olmamıştı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut		olmayacağız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			olmuyorlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığımız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadıkları
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Part	olmaz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part		olmayan
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans		olmadan, olmayıp
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Past			oluyordum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyorum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=AorPast	olurdum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past		oldum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pqp		olmuştum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyorsun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aor	olursun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut		olacaksın
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past		oldun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Past			oluyordu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyor
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olur
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPast	olurdu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=FutPast		olacaktı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		oldu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pqp		olmuştu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyoruz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Aor	oluruz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut		olacağız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past		olduk
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyorsunuz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut		olacaksınız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Past			oluyorlardı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pres			oluyorlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aor	olurlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut		olacaklar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past		oldular
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumuz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		oldukları
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olacağı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part		olan
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans		olup, olunca, oldukça, olalı		oluverip
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olmalıyım
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres		olmalısın
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past		olmalıydı
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olmalı
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olmalıyız
Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		olmaya
Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olmayalım
Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres		ola
Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres		olalım

AUX

976 tr-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Number=Sing (861; 88%), Person=3 (750; 77%), Mood=Ind (697; 71%), Tense=Pres (632; 65%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

• Perf (976; 100% of non-empty Aspect): dir, mi, dır, mı, ydi, dı, ydı, tu, mu, dur

Relations with Agreement in Aspect

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (946; 79%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (513; 68%), VERB –[dobj]–> VERB (454; 61%), VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (405; 62%), VERB –[acl]–> VERB (205; 67%), VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (141; 52%), VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (58; 53%), VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (43; 56%), VERB –[cop]–> AUX (35; 81%), VERB –[nmod:poss]–> VERB (33; 100%).

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Aspect in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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