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Aspect: aspect

Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed, ongoing etc.

In Turkish a set of verbal morphemes alter the Aspect feature of a verb. These morphemes often affect the Tense and Mood features as well. The mapping between the suffixes and the Aspect values may sometimes be non-trivial.

The following describes the values used for Aspect together with the suffixes typically introduce the defined Aspect value. See tr-overview/special-syntax for the discussion of mapping relevant verbal suffixes to Tense, Aspect and Mood values.

Perf: perfect aspect

The action has been / will have been completed.

Examples

Prog: progressive aspect

Action is in progress with respect to current or a reference time.

Turkish has two progressive markers, -(I)yor and -mAktA. Latter is used in more formal cases than former. Otherwise there is no clear distinction between the two. In some contexts, both suffixes may also indicate habitual aspect (Aspect=Hab described below).

Examples

Hab: habitual aspect (new proposal)

Verbal morphology in Turkish may indicate an action that happens repeatedly at present or past. This aspect is mainly marked with suffix -A/Ir. In some cases, the progressive suffix -(I)yor may indicate the habitual aspect, Her sabah 5 km koşuyorum “I ran 5 km every morning”. See Göksel and Kerslake (2005, pp289–290) for details.

Examples

Rapid: rapid sudden action (new proposal)

A particular verb form formed by suffix -Iver refers to actions that are sudden or performed rapidly. Kornfilt (1995, p.361) calls this rapid or sudden aspect.

Examples

Dur: durative aspect (new proposal)

A situation or action that has persisted over a period of time and still continues. This is called durative action (e.g., Kornfilt 1995, p.362). The suffixes -Akal, -Agel and -Adur indicate this aspect (the first one might better be defined as ‘durative stative’ and others ‘durative progressive’).

Examples

Pro: prospective aspect

The action is/was about to happen.

In Turkish, combination of feature tense marker -AcAk and the past tense marker -DI signal an event that was about to happen. Another (rather rare) means of expressing prospective aspect is with the suffix -Ayaz. This form is used only in a few fixed expressions, and it only combines with the past tense forms.

Examples

References


Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values DurPerf, ProgRapid, Rapid are language-specific. It occurs with 6 different values: DurPerf, Imp, Perf, Prog, ProgRapid, Rapid.

12032 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 6463 types (38%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 830 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/VERB (11056; 19% instances), tr-pos/AUX (976; 2% instances).

VERB

11056 tr-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Negative=Pos (9814; 89%), Register=EMPTY (9695; 88%), Mood=Ind (9594; 87%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (9353; 85%), Voice=EMPTY (9322; 84%), Case=EMPTY (8882; 80%), VerbForm=EMPTY (6304; 57%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Paradigm olImpPerfProgRapid
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolmayacağından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmamaktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmamdan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmaktan
Case=Acc|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolabileceğini
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığımızı
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadıklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolmayacağını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğumuzu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğumu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Passolunduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmasını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmayı
Case=Dat|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolabileceğine
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğuna
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmasına
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmaya
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğunun
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmasının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmanın
Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğunda
Case=Loc|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmasında
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolabileceği
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolabilmesi
Case=Nom|Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolabilmek
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmaması, olmayışı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmama
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partoldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmaları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğum
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmam
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğu, oldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Ger|Voice=Passolunması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Gerolmak, olma
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmuşlarsa
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmuştur
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmuşlardır
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPastolmazmış
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmamış
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pastoluyormuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPastolurmuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmuş
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmuşlar
Evidentiality=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmuş
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aorolamam
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=AorPastolamazdım
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aorolamazsın
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolamaz
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPastolamazdı
Mood=Abil|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Futolamayacak
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aorolabilirim
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Presolabiliyorsun
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aorolabilirsin
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Presolabiliyor
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolabilir
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPastolabilirdi
Mood=Abil|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolabildi
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolmazsa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aorolursan
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolursa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Futolacaksa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolduysa
Mood=Cnd|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aorolurlarsa
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Presolmasam
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Presolmasanız
Mood=Des|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Presolmasalar
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pastolsaydım
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Presolsam
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolsaydı
Mood=Des|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolsa
Mood=GenNec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolmalıdır
Mood=Gen|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Futolacaktır
Mood=Imp|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolmasın
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Presol
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolsun
Mood=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Presolun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Aorolmam
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Past|Voice=Passolunmuyordu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Presolmuyor
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolmaz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Futolmayacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=FutPastolmayacaktı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmadı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pqpolmamıştı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Futolmayacağız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Presolmuyorlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığımız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadıkları
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolmayacağı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolmadığı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Aor|VerbForm=Partolmaz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolmayacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partolmayan
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Transolmadan, olmayıp
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Pastoluyordum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyorum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=AorPastolurdum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pastoldum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pqpolmuştum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyorsun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Aorolursun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Futolacaksın
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pastoldun
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pastoluyordu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyor
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Aorolur
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=AorPastolurdu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Futolacak
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=FutPastolacaktı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastoldu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pqpolmuştu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyoruz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Aoroluruz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Futolacağız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pastolduk
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyorsunuz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Futolacaksınız
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Pastoluyorlardı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Register=Inf|Tense=Presoluyorlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Aorolurlar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Futolacaklar
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pastoldular
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğumuz
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partoldukları
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğum
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Partolacağı
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Partolduğu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Partolan
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Transolup, olunca, oldukça, olalıoluverip
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Presolmalıyım
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Presolmalısın
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pastolmalıydı
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolmalı
Mood=Nec|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Presolmalıyız
Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presolmaya
Mood=Opt|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Presolmayalım
Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Presola
Mood=Opt|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Presolalım

AUX

976 tr-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Number=Sing (861; 88%), Person=3 (750; 77%), Mood=Ind (697; 71%), Tense=Pres (632; 65%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

Relations with Agreement in Aspect

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (946; 79%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (513; 68%), VERB –[dobj]–> VERB (454; 61%), VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (405; 62%), VERB –[acl]–> VERB (205; 67%), VERB –[ccomp]–> VERB (141; 52%), VERB –[csubj]–> VERB (58; 53%), VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (43; 56%), VERB –[cop]–> AUX (35; 81%), VERB –[nmod:poss]–> VERB (33; 100%).


Aspect in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]