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Gender: gender

Gender is a lexical feature of nouns and proper nouns, and an inflectional feature of other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, auxiliary, pronouns, determiners and numerals) that mark agreement with nouns.

Masc: masculine gender

Examples

• prijatelj “male friend”
• sluga “manservant”
• grad “castle”
• stroj “machine”

Fem: feminine gender

Examples

• prijateljica “female friend”
• bankirka “female banker”
• univerza “university”
• perut “wing”

Neut: neuter gender

Examples

• leto “year”
• življenje “life”
• podjetje “company”
• sodišče “court”

Conversion from JOS

All tokens with feature Gender=masculine are converted to Gender=Masc, all tokens with feature Gender=feminine are converted to Gender=Fem and all tokens with feature Gender=neuter are converted to Gender=Neut.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Fem, Masc, Neut.

This is a layered feature with the following layers: Gender, Gender[psor].

64731 tokens (46%) have a non-empty value of Gender. 29150 types (92%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. 14613 lemmas (87%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. The feature is used with 8 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/NOUN (30139; 21% instances), sl-pos/ADJ (15027; 11% instances), sl-pos/VERB (7644; 5% instances), sl-pos/PROPN (4682; 3% instances), sl-pos/PRON (3877; 3% instances), sl-pos/DET (2855; 2% instances), sl-pos/NUM (486; 0% instances), sl-pos/AUX (21; 0% instances).

NOUN

30139 sl-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (21345; 71%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (12182; 40% of non-empty Gender): strani, države, pomoč, oči, možnosti, poti, pot, stvari, skupine, vrste
• Masc (12496; 41% of non-empty Gender): dan, čas, ljudi, del, tolarjev, dni, način, času, časa, otrok
• Neut (5461; 18% of non-empty Gender): leta, let, leto, letih, življenje, dela, delo, mesto, vprašanje, mestu

Paradigm pot	Masc	Fem
Case=Acc|Number=Sing		pot
Case=Acc|Number=Plur		poti
Case=Dat|Number=Sing		poti
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	pota	poti
Case=Gen|Number=Plur		poti
Case=Ins|Number=Sing		potjo
Case=Ins|Number=Plur		potmi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing		poti
Case=Loc|Number=Plur		poteh
Case=Nom|Number=Sing		pot
Case=Nom|Number=Plur		poti

Gender seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 100% lemmas (6404) occur only with one value of Gender.

ADJ

15027 sl-pos/ADJ tokens (100% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Gender co-occurred: Degree=Pos (13768; 92%), VerbForm=EMPTY (13098; 87%), Definite=EMPTY (12959; 86%), Number=Sing (10131; 67%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (6165; 41% of non-empty Gender): druge, drugi, nove, novo, prva, sama, velika, veliko, druga, drugo
• Masc (6013; 40% of non-empty Gender): sam, prvi, drugi, slovenski, drugih, pravi, sami, novi, velik, državni
• Neut (2849; 19% of non-empty Gender): mogoče, pomembno, jasno, potrebno, težko, novo, drugim, novega, prihodnje, drugo

Paradigm drug	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	drugi
Case=Acc|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing	drug
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	drugega	drugo	drugo
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	druge	druge	druga
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	drugemu	drugi
Case=Dat|Number=Plur	drugim
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	drugega	druge	drugega
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	drugih	drugih
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	drugim	drugo	drugim
Case=Ins|Number=Plur	drugimi	drugimi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing	drugem	drugi	drugem
Case=Loc|Number=Dual		drugih
Case=Loc|Number=Plur	drugih	drugih	drugih
Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	drugi
Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing	drug
Case=Nom|Number=Sing		druga	drugo
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	drugi	druge	druga

VERB

7644 sl-pos/VERB tokens (44% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Gender co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (7644; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (7644; 100%), Negative=EMPTY (7644; 100%), VerbForm=Part (7644; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (7644; 100%), Number=Sing (5091; 67%), Aspect=Perf (4188; 55%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (1947; 25% of non-empty Gender): bila, bile, imela, morala, začela, prišla, rekla, pokazala, vedela, dobila
• Masc (4800; 63% of non-empty Gender): bil, bili, imel, moral, povedal, imeli, morali, dejal, začeli, postal
• Neut (897; 12% of non-empty Gender): bilo, zgodilo, uspelo, prišlo, zdelo, šlo, začelo, bila, ostalo, pomenilo
• EMPTY (9666): je, so, ni, bo, ima, gre, imajo, biti, mora, pomeni

Paradigm biti	Masc	Fem	Neut
Number=Sing	bil	bila	bilo, blo
Number=Dual	bila, bla	bili
Number=Plur	bili	bile	bila

PROPN

4682 sl-pos/PROPN tokens (100% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (4408; 94%), Case=Nom (2427; 52%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (1613; 34% of non-empty Gender): Slovenije, Sloveniji, Slovenija, EU, Ljubljani, ZDA, Slovenijo, Evropi, LJUBLJANA, Ljubljana
• Masc (2922; 62% of non-empty Gender): Mariboru, Slovenci, Maribor, New, Drnovšek, Janez, Jože, Gregor, Milan, Slovencev
• Neut (147; 3% of non-empty Gender): Celje, Kosova, Kosovu, Koroškem, Slovenskem, Dolenjskem, Gorenjskem, Hrvaškem, Celju, Japonskem

Paradigm EU	Masc	Fem
Case=Acc		EU
Case=Gen		EU
Case=Loc		EU
Case=Nom	EU	EU

Gender seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 99% lemmas (2571) occur only with one value of Gender.

PRON

3877 sl-pos/PRON tokens (56% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Gender co-occurred: Reflex=EMPTY (3854; 99%), Number=Sing (3000; 77%), Variant=EMPTY (2535; 65%), Person=EMPTY (2189; 56%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (833; 21% of non-empty Gender): jo, jih, ji, njej, katero, njo, kateri, katerih, ta, katere
• Masc (1549; 40% of non-empty Gender): ga, jih, mu, kdo, jim, katerem, vsi, njim, njih, katerega
• Neut (1495; 39% of non-empty Gender): to, tem, kaj, kar, tega, vse, nekaj, nič, ga, temu
• EMPTY (3074): se, si, mi, nas, nam, vam, me, vas, jaz, sebi

Paradigm on	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	njega	njo
Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Variant=Short	ga	jo	ga
Case=Acc|Number=Dual	njiju
Case=Acc|Number=Dual|Variant=Short	ju	ju	ju
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	njih, nje
Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Variant=Short	jih	jih	jih
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	njemu	njej
Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Variant=Short	mu	ji	mu
Case=Dat|Number=Dual	njima
Case=Dat|Number=Dual|Variant=Short	jima	jima
Case=Dat|Number=Plur	njim	njim
Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Variant=Short	jim	jim	jim
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	njega	nje	njega
Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Variant=Short	ga	je	ga
Case=Gen|Number=Dual	njiju
Case=Gen|Number=Dual|Variant=Short		ju
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	njih	njih	njih
Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Variant=Short	jih	jih	jih
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	njim	njo	njim
Case=Ins|Number=Dual	njima	njima
Case=Ins|Number=Plur	njimi	njimi	njimi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing	njem	njej	njem
Case=Loc|Number=Dual	njiju
Case=Loc|Number=Plur	njih	njih	njih
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	on	ona
Case=Nom|Number=Dual	onadva
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	oni

DET

2855 sl-pos/DET tokens (86% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Gender co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (2855; 100%), Gender[psor]=EMPTY (2476; 87%), Reflex=EMPTY (2399; 84%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (2051; 72%), Person=EMPTY (2051; 72%), Number=Sing (1913; 67%), Poss=EMPTY (1595; 56%).

DET tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (1164; 41% of non-empty Gender): svojo, te, svoje, to, svoji, vse, tej, vseh, ta, njegove
• Masc (1219; 43% of non-empty Gender): ta, tem, svoj, vsak, njegov, vse, tega, ves, svojega, teh
• Neut (472; 17% of non-empty Gender): svoje, tem, to, njegovo, tega, svojega, vsako, njeno, svoja, svojim
• EMPTY (455): nekaj, več, veliko, dovolj, manj, malo, največ, pol, toliko, mnogo

Paradigm ta	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	ta, tega	to	to
Case=Acc|Number=Dual		ti
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	te	te	ta
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	temu	tej	temu
Case=Dat|Number=Plur		tem
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	tega	te	tega
Case=Gen|Number=Dual	teh
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	teh	teh	teh
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	tem	to	tem
Case=Ins|Number=Plur	temi	temi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing	tem	tej	tem
Case=Loc|Number=Plur	teh	teh	teh
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	ta	ta	to
Case=Nom|Number=Dual	ta
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	ti	te	ta

NUM

486 sl-pos/NUM tokens (25% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Gender co-occurred: NumForm=Word (486; 100%), NumType=Card (481; 99%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (187; 38% of non-empty Gender): ena, eno, tri, dve, štiri, eni, dveh, ene, dvema, treh
• Masc (223; 46% of non-empty Gender): dva, eden, en, dveh, enega, enem, tri, trije, štirih, treh
• Neut (76; 16% of non-empty Gender): eno, štirih, treh, tri, dve, štiri, dveh, tremi, dvema, dvoje
• EMPTY (1441): tisoč, pet, 10, sto, 15, 2000, deset, 1., 50, 30

Paradigm en	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	en, enega	eno	eno
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	enemu	eni
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	enega	ene	enega
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	enim	eno	enim
Case=Loc|Number=Sing	enem	eni	enem
Case=Loc|Number=Plur		enih
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	en	ena	eno
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	eni

AUX

21 sl-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Gender co-occurred: Negative=EMPTY (21; 100%), VerbForm=Part (21; 100%), Person=EMPTY (21; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (21; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (21; 100%), Number=Sing (14; 67%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (3; 14% of non-empty Gender): bila
• Masc (18; 86% of non-empty Gender): bil, bili, bila
• EMPTY (7126): je, so, bi, bo, sem, ni, bodo, sta, smo, niso

Paradigm biti	Masc	Fem
Number=Sing	bil	bila
Number=Dual	bila
Number=Plur	bili

Relations with Agreement in Gender

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Gender: NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (11306; 99%), NOUN –[det]–> DET (2835; 86%), ADJ –[nsubj]–> NOUN (880; 98%), NOUN –[nmod]–> PROPN (839; 55%), PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (683; 100%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (632; 93%), VERB –[nsubj]–> PROPN (578; 73%), VERB –[conj]–> VERB (550; 68%), PROPN –[amod]–> ADJ (246; 100%), PROPN –[conj]–> PROPN (224; 71%).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Fem, Masc, Neut.

This is a layered feature with the following layers: Gender, Gender[psor].

9593 tokens (33%) have a non-empty value of Gender. 4435 types (73%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. 2968 lemmas (75%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Gender. The feature is used with 7 part-of-speech tags: sl-pos/NOUN (3627; 12% instances), sl-pos/ADJ (1665; 6% instances), sl-pos/PRON (1635; 6% instances), sl-pos/VERB (1292; 4% instances), sl-pos/DET (660; 2% instances), sl-pos/PROPN (444; 2% instances), sl-pos/NUM (270; 1% instances).

NOUN

3627 sl-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Gender co-occurred: Animacy=EMPTY (3255; 90%), Number=Sing (2737; 75%).

NOUN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (1517; 42% of non-empty Gender): strani, stvari, hvala, minut, stopinj, gospa, stran, razmere, stvar, veze
• Masc (1629; 45% of non-empty Gender): dan, redu, čas, evrov, koncu, gospod, ljudi, način, dni, del
• Neut (481; 13% of non-empty Gender): bistvu, jutro, leto, leta, vprašanje, letih, ime, mestu, let, leti

Paradigm oči	Masc	Fem
Case=Gen|Number=Plur		oči
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	oči

Gender seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 100% lemmas (1525) occur only with one value of Gender.

ADJ

1665 sl-pos/ADJ tokens (100% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Gender co-occurred: VerbForm=EMPTY (1479; 89%), Degree=Pos (1443; 87%), Definite=EMPTY (1352; 81%), Number=Sing (1266; 76%), Case=Nom (879; 53%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (651; 39% of non-empty Gender): drugo, druga, lepa, rdeča, same, druge, glavna, sama, dobra, tretjo
• Masc (650; 39% of non-empty Gender): dober, prvi, drugi, lep, sam, stari, mali, sami, cel, pravi
• Neut (364; 22% of non-empty Gender): dobro, glavnem, zanimivo, drugega, mogoče, drugo, hudega, jasno, podobno, pomembno

Paradigm drug	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	drugi
Case=Acc|Number=Sing		drugo	drugo
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	druge	druge
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	drugemu
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	drugega	druge	drugega
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	drugih	drugih
Case=Ins|Number=Sing		drugo	drugim
Case=Ins|Number=Plur		drugimi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing		drugi	drugem
Case=Loc|Number=Dual		drugih
Case=Nom|Definite=Def|Number=Sing	drugi
Case=Nom|Definite=Ind|Number=Sing	drug
Case=Nom|Number=Sing		druga	drugo
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	drugi	druge

PRON

1635 sl-pos/PRON tokens (63% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Gender co-occurred: Variant=EMPTY (1425; 87%), Number=Sing (1356; 83%), Person=EMPTY (1218; 74%), Case=Nom (877; 54%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (202; 12% of non-empty Gender): jo, ona, jih, ta, te, ji, je, kakšna, njej, njo
• Masc (449; 27% of non-empty Gender): ga, mi, jih, kdo, vi, on, oni, jim, mu, tisti
• Neut (984; 60% of non-empty Gender): to, kaj, nič, vse, kar, tega, nekaj, tem, tisto, tole
• EMPTY (959): se, jaz, ti, mi, si, nas, vam, meni, me, mene

Paradigm ta	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	ta	to	to
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	te	te
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	temu		temu
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	tega	te	tega
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	teh	teh
Case=Ins|Number=Sing			tem
Case=Loc|Number=Sing			tem
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	ta	ta	to
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	ti	te	ta

VERB

1292 sl-pos/VERB tokens (28% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Gender co-occurred: Person=EMPTY (1292; 100%), Mood=EMPTY (1292; 100%), VerbForm=Part (1292; 100%), Negative=EMPTY (1292; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (1292; 100%), Number=Sing (886; 69%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (350; 27% of non-empty Gender): bila, imela, šla, rekla, videla, dala, naredila, delala, izdala, mogla
• Masc (779; 60% of non-empty Gender): bil, rekel, imeli, bili, imel, rekli, šel, dobil, videl, videli
• Neut (163; 13% of non-empty Gender): bilo, šlo, prišlo, zgodilo, bila, dalo, ostalo, moglo, moralo, potegnilo
• EMPTY (3319): je, so, vem, ni, veš, mislim, bo, recimo, ima, sem

Paradigm biti	Masc	Fem	Neut
Aspect=Imp|Number=Sing	bil		bilo
Number=Sing	bil	bila	bilo
Number=Dual	bila
Number=Plur	bili	bile	bila

DET

660 sl-pos/DET tokens (93% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Gender co-occurred: Poss=EMPTY (547; 83%), Person=EMPTY (547; 83%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (547; 83%), Number=Sing (474; 72%), PronType=Dem (331; 50%).

DET tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (282; 43% of non-empty Gender): ta, te, tej, to, naša, moja, neke, neko, take, teh
• Masc (285; 43% of non-empty Gender): ta, tem, tega, kakšen, ti, teh, vsak, vsi, moj, mojega
• Neut (93; 14% of non-empty Gender): to, vse, tako, teh, tem, kako, neko, vsa, vsako, ta
• EMPTY (52): nekaj, več, veliko, koliko, pol, toliko, malo, par, dosti, dovolj

Paradigm ta	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	ta, tega	to	to
Case=Acc|Number=Plur	te	te	ta
Case=Dat|Number=Sing		tej
Case=Dat|Number=Plur	tem		tem
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	tega	te	tega
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	teh	teh	teh
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	tem	to	tem
Case=Ins|Number=Plur	temi	temi
Case=Loc|Number=Sing	tem	tej	tem
Case=Loc|Number=Plur		teh	teh
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	ta	ta	to
Case=Nom|Number=Dual		ti
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	ti	te	ta

PROPN

444 sl-pos/PROPN tokens (59% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Gender co-occurred: Number=Sing (403; 91%), Case=Nom (233; 52%).

PROPN tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (167; 38% of non-empty Gender): slovenija, sloveniji, slovenije, božjah, karavanke, bistrica, evropi, jugoslaviji, orsa, viktorije
• Masc (267; 60% of non-empty Gender): jones, tom, david, healy, iraku, jezus, herman, paranoid, petty, quincy
• Neut (10; 2% of non-empty Gender): pohorja, celja, jezerskim, laškega, madžarskem, pohorje, posočju, velenju
• EMPTY (314): [name:personal], [name:surname], [name:address], [name:organisation], [name:place]

Gender seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 100% lemmas (306) occur only with one value of Gender.

NUM

270 sl-pos/NUM tokens (54% of all NUM tokens) have a non-empty value of Gender.

The most frequent other feature values with which NUM and Gender co-occurred: NumForm=Word (270; 100%), NumType=Card (269; 100%), Number=Sing (153; 57%).

NUM tokens may have the following values of Gender:

• Fem (127; 47% of non-empty Gender): eno, ena, dve, ene, tri, štiri, dveh, eni, treh, štirih
• Masc (126; 47% of non-empty Gender): dva, en, enega, tri, eden, eni, štirje, enim, štiri, trije
• Neut (17; 6% of non-empty Gender): eno, ena, tri, dve, enim, tremi, štirih, štirim
• EMPTY (229): tisoč, dvajset, pet, petnajst, sto, šest, deset, petdeset, petsto, sedem

Paradigm en	Masc	Fem	Neut
Case=Acc|Number=Sing	en, enega	eno	eno
Case=Acc|Number=Plur		ene
Case=Dat|Number=Sing	enemu
Case=Gen|Number=Sing	enega	ene
Case=Gen|Number=Plur	enih
Case=Ins|Number=Sing	enim	eno	enim
Case=Loc|Number=Sing		eni
Case=Nom|Number=Sing	en	ena	eno
Case=Nom|Number=Plur	eni		ena

Relations with Agreement in Gender

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Gender: NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (941; 99%), NOUN –[det]–> DET (580; 90%), NOUN –[nummod]–> NUM (139; 53%), NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (106; 60%), ADJ –[nsubj]–> NOUN (76; 96%), PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (75; 100%), ADJ –[nsubj]–> PRON (53; 80%), ADJ –[conj]–> ADJ (50; 93%), NOUN –[appos]–> NOUN (30; 64%), ADJ –[det]–> DET (28; 93%).

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