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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.

French auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and passive auxiliaries.

Delimitation

The exact delimitation of auxiliaries in French is not completely clear-cut, especially for the category of modal auxiliaries. In the French UD treebank, we have adopted a consensus solution based on the original Google annotation and the universal UD guidelines. Below we list the verbs that may appear in each group:


Treebank Statistics (UD_French)

There are 27 AUX lemmas (0%), 187 AUX types (0%) and 8979 AUX tokens (2%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 14 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 12 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: être, avoir, pouvoir, devoir, aller, falloir, vouloir, sembler, souhaiter, venir

The 10 most frequent AUX types: a, est, été, sont, ont, peut, fut, être, avait, avoir

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: être (VERB 5433, AUX 4236, NOUN 9), avoir (AUX 3359, VERB 893, NOUN 1), pouvoir (AUX 675, NOUN 90, VERB 12), devoir (AUX 313, VERB 51, NOUN 9), aller (VERB 132, AUX 127, NOUN 3), falloir (AUX 81, VERB 41), vouloir (AUX 76, VERB 42, NOUN 1), sembler (VERB 55, AUX 33), souhaiter (VERB 27, AUX 15), venir (VERB 149, AUX 15)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: a (AUX 1834, VERB 372, ADP 22, X 4, DET 4, PROPN 1, NOUN 1), est (VERB 3512, AUX 1770, NOUN 44, ADJ 3, CONJ 1, X 1), été (AUX 718, VERB 149, NOUN 52), sont (VERB 613, AUX 578, DET 1), ont (AUX 553, VERB 115), peut (AUX 274, VERB 4), fut (AUX 274, VERB 140), être (AUX 255, VERB 163, NOUN 6), avait (AUX 211, VERB 65), avoir (AUX 174, VERB 68)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 6.925926 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.307036).

The 1st highest number of forms (28) was observed with the lemma “avoir”: a, ai, aie, aient, ait, as, aura, auraient, aurais, aurait, aurions, aurons, auront, avaient, avais, avait, avez, avions, avoir, avons, ayant, ayez, eut, eût, on, ont, unt, à.

The 2nd highest number of forms (26) was observed with the lemma “être”: est, etre, furent, fut, fût, sera, seraient, serais, serait, serez, seront, soient, sois, soit, sommes, son, sont, suis, étaient, étais, était, étant, étions, été, êtes, être.

The 3rd highest number of forms (25) was observed with the lemma “pouvoir”: peut, peuvent, peux, pourra, pourrai, pourraient, pourrais, pourrait, pourrez, pourrions, pourront, pouvaient, pouvais, pouvait, pouvant, pouvez, pouvions, pouvoir, pouvons, pu, puisse, puissent, purent, put, pû.

AUX occurs with 6 features: fr-feat/VerbForm (8970; 100% instances), fr-feat/Tense (8492; 95% instances), fr-feat/Number (8348; 93% instances), fr-feat/Mood (7519; 84% instances), fr-feat/Person (7519; 84% instances), fr-feat/Gender (829; 9% instances)

AUX occurs with 18 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part

AUX occurs with 37 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (4263 tokens). Examples: a, est, peut, doit, faut, va, doivent, veut, semble, semblent

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 5 different relations: fr-dep/aux (6157; 69% instances), fr-dep/auxpass (2812; 31% instances), fr-dep/conj (7; 0% instances), fr-dep/case (2; 0% instances), fr-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (8751; 97% instances), ADJ (111; 1% instances), NOUN (98; 1% instances), PRON (10; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances), PROPN (2; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)

8958 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

11 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

3 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

7 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 5.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 12 different relations: fr-dep/mwe (12; 28% instances), fr-dep/conj (5; 12% instances), fr-dep/nmod (5; 12% instances), fr-dep/neg (4; 9% instances), fr-dep/cc (3; 7% instances), fr-dep/nsubj (3; 7% instances), fr-dep/advmod (2; 5% instances), fr-dep/dobj (2; 5% instances), fr-dep/expl (2; 5% instances), fr-dep/mark (2; 5% instances), fr-dep/punct (2; 5% instances), fr-dep/xcomp (1; 2% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: ADP (9; 21% instances), NOUN (9; 21% instances), VERB (5; 12% instances), ADV (4; 9% instances), AUX (3; 7% instances), CONJ (3; 7% instances), PRON (3; 7% instances), PART (2; 5% instances), PROPN (2; 5% instances), PUNCT (2; 5% instances), SCONJ (1; 2% instances)


AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]