ADV:
Definition
Adverbs in the literal sense modify the semantics of a VERB (traditionally called ‘preverbs’) or express the manner of a verb. Sentential adverbs modify the whole clause (manner, space, time). This class of part-of-speech is also used for words modifying adjectives (ADJ) or other adverbs. Under certain conditions, adverbs can also modify nouns (NOUN).
A word can be marked as an adverb by the suffix -īhā, which happens to be homophonous with the collective suffix.
adverbial:
- u =m xūbīhā awiš guft “and I have replied (lit. said) to him well”
- awi=š pardazišnīhā hammōxtan “to teach (it) exhaustively to him”
preverbial:
- agar abar nē gīrēd wināh bawēd ayāb nē “If (he) does not lift (lit. take up) (the corpse), would (it) be a sin or not?”
- hamēstārīh bē barān az spennāgmēnōy dāmān “(I) shall remove (lit. carry out) the opposition from the creations of the Bountiful Spirit”
sentential
- se hēnd kē dōst wēš sazēd būd dānāg buzešk nēk ud zan ī xwēš ī nēk “(It is) three with whom (it is) especially appropriate to be friendly with: the wise, a good doctor, and one’s own good wife.”
- petītīgbūd rāy mādagwar tis ēn kū wināh nē kunēd xwēškāmīhā “For being repentant, the essential aspect (is) this that (one) does not commit a sin willfully.”
modifying adjectives:
- abēr šād “very happy”
- akanārag rāmišntar “infinitely more peaceful”
modifying adverbs:
- was frēftārīhā “very deceitfully”
- abēr was “very much”
modifying nouns:
- husrawīh ēdar “the good reputation here (i.e. in this life)”
- gāh ānōh “a place there”
modifying prepositions (annotated as if modifying the noun, see case):
- gannāgmēnōy abar ō dām ī man ayārīh bar “Foul Spirit, offer support to (lit. above to) my creation!”
- hazār tāg bē az ān draxt bē rust “thousand twigs sprout from (lit. out from) that tree”
Deverbal nouns can inherit the respective adverbial from the verb, which is linked like an adjectival attribute to the head in an ezāfe construction (see advmod):
- ud ka=m hamǰādagīhā nibēsišnīh dīd “and when I saw the jumbled writing” (lit. the writing-ness in a cobbled-together manner)”
- ud was xwāhišn ī lābakkarīhā xwāhēd “and (the soul) requests many suppliant requests (lit. requests in a suppliant manner)”
Examples
- abēr “very”
- xūb(īhā) “well”
- hamgōnag “exactly, likewise”
- abar “above, up”
- frōd “down”
- čiyōn “how”
- ēdar “here”
- nūn “now”
- fradāg “tomorrow”
- hamēšag “always”
- hagriz “never”
- =iz “also, even, and”
Border cases
Adjectives can be used as adverbs without morphological derivation. Adverbs can appear like postpositions if following a prepositional phrase. Interrogatives habe been annotated as pronouns (see PRON).
ADV in other languages: [axm] [bej] [bg] [bm] [ca] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [eu] [fi] [fr] [fro] [ga] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [hyw] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [naq] [nmf] [no] [oge] [pal] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [xcl] [xmf] [yue] [zh]