ADV: adverb
ΑDV: adverb
Definition
Adverbs are words that typically modify verbs for place, time, manner or quantity. They may also modify adjectives and other adverbs, as in πολύ έξυπνος / poli eksipnos ‘very clever’, πολύ αργά / poli arga ‘very late.ADV’ respectively.
Adverbs are formed productively from adjectives and participles in -μένος with the ending -α: δίκτυο.Noun, δικτυακός.Adjective, δικτυακά.Adverb ‘web, of-the-web, web(manner)’.
Some adverbs seem to form phrasal verbs (rare phenomenon in Greek), such as βάζω μπρος/μπροστά / vazo bros/brosta ‘to start an engine/to start operating’. Although they function as particles in a multiword expression, they are assigned the tag ADV and the multiword status of the expression is accounted for in syntax.
Adverbs may be assigned the PronType feature:
- demonstrative adverbs (PronType=Dem): εδώ / edo ‘here’, εκεί / eki “there”, τώρα / tora ‘now’, τότε / tote “then”
- indefinite adverbs (PronType=Ind): κάπου / kapou “somewhere”, κάποτε / kapote “sometime”’, οπουδήποτε / opoudipote “anywhere”, οποτεδήποτε / opotedipote “anytime”
- interrogative adverbs (PronType=Int): πού / pou “where”, πότε / pote “when”’, πώς / pos “how”, γιατί / giati “why”, τι / ti “what, why”
- negative adverbs (PronType=Neg): πουθενά / pouthena ‘nowhere”, ποτέ / pote “never”
- relative adverbs (PronType=Rel): όπως / opos `in the way that, as”
- totality adverbs (PronType=Tot): παντού / pantou “everywhere”, πάντα/πάντοτε / panta/pantote “always”
Αdverbs may be specified for the feature NumType, e.g. άπαξ / apaks ‘once’.
Adverbs may bear inflectional features specifying the feature Degree:
- Degree=Cmp, e.g., αργότερα “later”, συχνότερα “more frequently”; Comparative degree can be formed periphrastically with πιο and the positive degree form of the adverb, e.g., πιο αργά “later”, πιο συχνά “more frequently”
- Degree=Abs, e.g., τάχιστα “most rapidly”, ευγενέστατα “most politely”; this formation is found with some adverbs and there is no particular periphrastic structure for the absolute degree of adverbs
- Degree=Dim, e.g., φτωχούτσικα “somewhat poorely”, καλούτσικα “somewhat good”
- Degree=Mag is assigned to the first of a pair of identical adverbs, e.g., πάνω πάνω Lit. up up “on the very top”, πίσω πίσω Lit. back back “at the very back”, σιγά σιγά Lit. slowly slowly “very very slowly”, πονηρά πονηρά Lit. cuningly cuningly “very very cunningly”. Each adverb is assigned the tag ADV and first one is assigned the feature Degree=Mag. The second adverb depends on the first one with the Compound:redup dependency.
Multiword adverbs:
- Modern Greek uses complex structures consisting of an adverb and an adposition: (μέσα σε) (lit: in to) μέσα: ADV σε: ADP, (ενάντια σε) (lit: contrary to) ενάντια: ADV σε: ADP. The ADP depends on the ADV with the relation fixed.
- Multiword adverbs such as καλού-κακού Lit. of good-of bad “just to make sure”: both words are assigned the tag ADV and the second adverb depends on the first one with the
fixedrelation.
Non-inflecting verb forms ending in -όντας, -ώντας (adverbial participles) share properties and usage of adverbs and verbs and are assigned the tag VERB, the specification VerbForm=Conv and are tagged for Aspect and Voice.
μετά and εντός may appear with a noun in the genitive case: the first denotes accompaniment, e.g., μετά ληστείας / meta listias “together with a robbery” while both are structures inherited from older versions of the language, e.g. εντός δευτερολέπτων / entos defterolepton “within minutes”. In all these cases μετά and εντός are assigned the tag ADV.
The adverb εντάξει often appears in the role of an interjection. In these cases it retains the ADV PoS and is related with the other elements in the sentence with the discourse relation.
Examples
- locative adverbs: απέξω / apekso ‘outside’, εδώ / edo ‘here’, εκεί / eki ‘there’, πάνω / pano ‘up’, κάτω / kato ‘down’, δεξιά / deksia ‘right’, αριστερά / aristera ‘left’, κάπου / kapou ‘somewhere’, παντού / pantou ‘everywhere’, πουθενά / pouthena ‘nowhere’, πού / pou ‘where’
- manner adverbs: ακριβώς / akrivos ‘precisely’, γιατί / yiati ‘why’ (when it is on its own/it introduces direct questions), εντάξει / endaksi, ‘right, OK’, καλά / kala ‘good/fine’, κατανάγκη / katanagki ‘necessarily’, πώς / pos ‘how’, υπόψη / ipopsi ‘care of’
- temporal adverbs: αύριο / avrio ‘tomorrow’, κάποτε / kapote ‘sometime’, καταρχήν / katarchin ‘first of all’, πάντα / panta ‘always’, πέρσυ / persi ‘last year’, πότε / pote ‘when’, ποτέ / pote ‘never’, σήμερα / simera ‘today’, τότε / tote ‘then’, τώρα / tora ‘now’, χθες / chthes ‘yesterday’
- quantity adverbs: άπαξ / apaks ‘once’, καθόλου / katholou ‘at all’, λίγο / ligo ‘a little’, μόνο / mono ‘only’, τόσο / toso ‘so’
References
Holton, David, Peter Mackridge & Irene Philippaki-Warburton. 1997. Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language. Routledge, London 1997; reprinted 1999, 2002 & 2004
Mackridge, Peter. 1985. The Modern Greek Language. A Descriptive Analysis of Standard Modern Greek. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1985. (Paperback edn, 1987, reprinted 1989 & 1992)
Κλαίρης, Χρήστος & Γεώργιος Μπαμπινώτης. 2001. Γραμματική της Νέας Ελληνικής Τόμος Γ’. 2η έκδοση. Αθήνα: Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Τζάρτζανος, Αχιλλέας, 2002. Νεοελληνική Σύνταξις της Κοινής Δημοτικής. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Κυριακίδη. σελ. 225.
https://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/
ADV in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [ca] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [eu] [fi] [fro] [fr] [ga] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [xcl] [yue] [zh]