parataxis: parataxis
The parataxis relation is most commonly used for adjacent clauses which are not connected by a coordinating conjunction.
# sent_id = Masoretic-Genesis-4:20-hbo
# text = וַתֵּ֥לֶד עָדָ֖ה אֶת־יָבָ֑ל ה֣וּא הָיָ֔ה אֲבִ֕י יֹשֵׁ֥ב אֹ֖הֶל וּמִקְנֶֽה׃
# translit = ṿateled ʻadah ʼet yaval huʼ hayah ʼavi yoshev ʼohel umiḳneh
# visual-style 2 9 parataxis color:blue
1-2 וַתֵּ֥לֶד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2003|Translit=ṿa
2 תֵּ֥לֶד ילד VERB verb Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Gloss=bear|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2004|Translit=teled
3 עָדָ֖ה עדה PROPN nmpr Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Adah|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2005|Translit=ʻadah
4 אֶת את ADP prep _ 6 case _ Gloss=<object.marker>|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2006|SpaceAfter=No|Translit=ʼet
5 ־ ־ PUNCT punct _ 4 punct _ Ref=GEN_4.20|SpaceAfter=No
6 יָבָ֑ל יבל PROPN nmpr Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=Jabal|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2007|Translit=yaval
7 ה֣וּא הוא PRON prps Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2008|Translit=huʼ
8 הָיָ֔ה היה AUX verb Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 9 cop _ Gloss=be|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2009|Translit=hayah
9 אֲבִ֕י אב NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 parataxis _ Gloss=father|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2010|Translit=ʼavi
10 יֹשֵׁ֥ב ישׁב NOUN verb Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PAAL|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=sit|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2011|Translit=yoshev
11 אֹ֖הֶל אהל NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=tent|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2012|Translit=ʼohel
12-13 וּמִקְנֶֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12 וּ ו CCONJ conj _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2013|Translit=u
13 מִקְנֶֽה מקנה NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 conj _ Gloss=purchase|Ref=GEN_4.20|Ref[BHSA]=2014|Translit=miḳneh
14 ׃ ׃ PUNCT punct _ 2 punct _ Ref=GEN_4.20
ותלד עדה את־יבל הוא היה אבי ישב אהל ומקנה׃
ṿateled ʻadah ʼet yaval huʼ hayah ʼavi yoshev ʼohel umiḳneh
And Adah bore Jabal; he was the father of those who dwell in tents and of tradesmen.
On the other hand, when there are multiple clauses in a row and some of them have coordinating conjunctions, all of them are attached with conj.
# sent_id = Masoretic-Ruth-1:17-hbo
# text = בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת וְשָׁ֖ם אֶקָּבֵ֑ר כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י הַמָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ׃
# translit = baʼasher tamuti ʼamut ṿesham ʼeḳaver koh yaʻaśeh yehṿah li ṿekhoh yosif ki hamaṿet yafrid beni uvenekh
# visual-style 4 9 conj color:green
1-2 בַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 בַּ ב ADP prep _ 4 obl _ Gloss=in|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356120|Translit=ba
2 אֲשֶׁ֤ר אשׁר SCONJ conj _ 3 mark _ Gloss=<relative>|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356121|Translit=ʼasher
3 תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ מות VERB verb Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin 1 acl:relcl _ Gloss=die|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356122|Translit=tamuti
4 אָמ֔וּת מות VERB verb Aspect=Imp|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Gloss=die|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356123|Translit=ʼamut
5-6 וְשָׁ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5 וְ ו CCONJ conj _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356124|Translit=ṿe
6 שָׁ֖ם שׁם ADV advb _ 7 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356125|Translit=sham
7 אֶקָּבֵ֑ר קבר VERB verb Aspect=Imp|HebBinyan=NIFAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ Gloss=bury|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356126|Translit=ʼeḳaver
8 כֹּה֩ כה ADV advb _ 9 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356127|Translit=koh
9 יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה עשׂה VERB verb Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ Gloss=make|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356128|Translit=yaʻaśeh
10 יְהוָ֥ה יהוה PROPN nmpr Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ Gloss=YHWH|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356129|Translit=yehṿah
11-12 לִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11 לִ ל ADP prep _ 12 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356130|Translit=li
12 י֙ אני PRON prn Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 obl _ Ref=RUT_1.17|Translit=
13-14 וְכֹ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13 וְ ו CCONJ conj _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356131|Translit=ṿe
14 כֹ֣ה כה ADV advb _ 15 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356132|Translit=koh
15 יֹסִ֔יף יסף VERB verb Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIFIL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ Gloss=add|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356133|Translit=yosif
16 כִּ֣י כי SCONJ conj _ 19 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356134|Translit=ki
17-18 הַמָּ֔וֶת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17 הַ ה DET art PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356135|Translit=ha
18 מָּ֔וֶת מות NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ Gloss=death|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356136|Translit=maṿet
19 יַפְרִ֖יד פרד VERB verb Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIFIL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 15 advcl _ Gloss=divide|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356137|Translit=yafrid
20-21 בֵּינִ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20 בֵּינִ֥ בין ADP subs _ 21 case _ Gloss=interval|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356138|Translit=beni
21 י אני PRON prn Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 19 obl _ Ref=RUT_1.17|Translit=
22-24 וּבֵינֵֽךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
22 וּ ו CCONJ conj _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356139|Translit=u
23 בֵינֵֽ בין ADP subs _ 24 case _ Gloss=interval|Ref=RUT_1.17|Ref[BHSA]=356140|Translit=bene
24 ךְ את PRON prn Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 21 conj _ Ref=RUT_1.17|Translit=ke
25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT punct _ 4 punct _ Ref=RUT_1.17
באשר תמותי אמות ושם אקבר כה יעשה יהוה לי וכה יסיף כי המות יפריד ביני ובינך׃
baʼasher tamuti ʼamut ṿesham ʼeḳaver koh yaʻaśeh yehṿah li ṿekhoh yosif ki hamaṿet yafrid beni uvenekh
“Where you die, I will die, and I will be buried there, thus may The LORD do to me, and thus may He add if death separates me from you.”
Parenthetical comments are also attached with parataxis.
# sent_id = Masoretic-Genesis-42:6-hbo
# text = וְיֹוסֵ֗ף ה֚וּא הַשַּׁלִּ֣יט עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ ה֥וּא הַמַּשְׁבִּ֖יר לְכָל־עַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֲחֵ֣י יֹוסֵ֔ף וַיִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לֹ֥ו אַפַּ֖יִם אָֽרְצָה׃
# translit = ṿeyosef huʼ hashaliṭ ʻal haʼarets huʼ hamashbir lekhal ʻam haʼarets ṿayavoʼu ʼaḥe yosef ṿayishtaḥaṿu lo ʼapayim ʼartsah
# visual-style 5 12 parataxis color:blue
1-2 וְיֹוסֵ֗ף _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 וְ ו CCONJ conj _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23510|Translit=ṿe
2 יֹוסֵ֗ף יוסף PROPN nmpr Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 dislocated _ Gloss=Joseph|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23511|Translit=yosef
3 ה֚וּא הוא PRON prps Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23512|Translit=huʼ
4-5 הַשַּׁלִּ֣יט _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4 הַ ה DET art PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23513|Translit=ha
5 שַּׁלִּ֣יט שׁליט ADJ adjv Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=tyrant|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23514|Translit=shaliṭ
6 עַל על ADP prep _ 9 case _ Gloss=upon|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23515|SpaceAfter=No|Translit=ʻal
7 ־ ־ PUNCT punct _ 6 punct _ Ref=GEN_42.6|SpaceAfter=No
8-9 הָאָ֔רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8 הָ ה DET art PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23516|Translit=ha
9 אָ֔רֶץ ארץ NOUN subs Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 obl _ Gloss=earth|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23517|Translit=ʼarets
10 ה֥וּא הוא PRON prps Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj:outer _ Gloss=he|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23518|Translit=huʼ
11-12 הַמַּשְׁבִּ֖יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11 הַ ה SCONJ art _ 12 mark _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23519|Translit=ha
12 מַּשְׁבִּ֖יר שׁבר VERB verb Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIFIL|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part 5 parataxis _ Gloss=buy.grain|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23520|Translit=mashbir
13-14 לְכָל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13 לְ ל ADP prep _ 14 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23521|Translit=le
14 כָל כל NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=whole|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23522|Translit=kal
15 ־ ־ PUNCT punct _ 16 punct _ Ref=GEN_42.6|SpaceAfter=No
16 עַ֣ם עם NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23523|Translit=ʻam
17-18 הָאָ֑רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17 הָ ה DET art PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23524|Translit=ha
18 אָ֑רֶץ ארץ NOUN subs Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=earth|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23525|Translit=ʼarets
19-20 וַיָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23526|Translit=ṿa
20 יָּבֹ֨אוּ֙ בוא VERB verb Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ Gloss=come|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23527|Translit=yavoʼu
21 אֲחֵ֣י אח NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 20 nsubj _ Gloss=brother|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23528|Translit=ʼaḥe
22 יֹוסֵ֔ף יוסף PROPN nmpr Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Joseph|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23529|Translit=yosef
23-24 וַיִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
23 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23530|Translit=ṿa
24 יִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ חוה VERB verb Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ Gloss=bow.down|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23531|Translit=yishtaḥaṿu
25 ־ ־ PUNCT punct _ 27 punct _ Ref=GEN_42.6|SpaceAfter=No
26-27 לֹ֥ו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
26 לֹ֥ ל ADP prep _ 27 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23532|Translit=lo
27 ו הוא PRON prn Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 obl _ Ref=GEN_42.6|Translit=ṿ
28 אַפַּ֖יִם אף NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 24 obj _ Gloss=nose|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23533|Translit=ʼapayim
29 אָֽרְצָה ארץ NOUN subs Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 24 obl _ Gloss=earth|Ref=GEN_42.6|Ref[BHSA]=23534|SpaceAfter=No|Translit=ʼartsah
30 ׃ ׃ PUNCT punct _ 5 punct _ Ref=GEN_42.6
ויוסף הוא השליט על־הארץ הוא המשביר לכל־עם הארץ ויבאו אחי יוסף וישתחוו־לו אפים ארצה׃
ṿeyosef huʼ hashaliṭ ʻal haʼarets huʼ hamashbir lekhal ʻam haʼarets ṿayavoʼu ʼaḥe yosef ṿayishtaḥaṿu lo ʼapayim ʼartsah
And Joseph, he was lordly over the land (he was the one selling grain to all the people of the land) and Joseph’s brothers came and they bowed their noses before him towards the ground.
The most common such construction is the distributive, in which a plural verb is followed by an איש /ʼish/ “man” or אישה /ʼishah/ “woman” in the singlar and then an oblique noun with a singlar posessor.
The noun is attached to the verb with parataxis and the obliques to the noun with orphan.
# sent_id = Masoretic-Ruth-1:9-hbo
# text = יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָכֶ֔ם וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה אִשָּׁ֖ה בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ וַתִּשַּׁ֣ק לָהֶ֔ן וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קֹולָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה׃
# translit = yiten yehṿah lakhem umtseʼna menuḥah ʼishah bet ʼishah ṿatishaḳ lahen ṿatiśeʼnah ḳolan ṿativkenah
# visual-style 6 8 parataxis color:blue
# visual-stlye 8 9 orphan color:blue
1 יִתֵּ֤ן נתן VERB verb Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ Gloss=give|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355971|Translit=yiten
2 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN nmpr Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ Gloss=YHWH|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355972|Translit=yehṿah
3-4 לָכֶ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3 לָ ל ADP prep _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355973|Translit=la
4 כֶ֔ם אתם PRON prn Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 1 obl _ Ref=RUT_1.9|Translit=kem
5-6 וּמְצֶ֣אןָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5 וּ ו CCONJ conj _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355974|Translit=u
6 מְצֶ֣אןָ מצא VERB verb Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin 1 conj _ Gloss=find|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355975|Translit=metseʼna
7 מְנוּחָ֔ה מנוחה NOUN subs Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 obj _ Gloss=resting.place|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355976|Translit=menuḥah
8 אִשָּׁ֖ה אשׁה NOUN subs Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 parataxis _ Gloss=woman|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355977|Translit=ʼishah
9 בֵּ֣ית בית NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 orphan _ Gloss=house|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355978|Translit=bet
10-11 אִישָׁ֑הּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10 אִישָׁ֑ אישׁ NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=man|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355979|Translit=ʼisha
11 הּ היא PRON prn Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Ref=RUT_1.9|Translit=h
12-13 וַתִּשַּׁ֣ק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355980|Translit=ṿa
13 תִּשַּׁ֣ק נשׁק VERB verb Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 1 conj _ Gloss=kiss|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355981|Translit=tishaḳ
14-15 לָהֶ֔ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14 לָ ל ADP prep _ 15 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355982|Translit=la
15 הֶ֔ן הן PRON prn Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 obl _ Ref=RUT_1.9|Translit=hen
16-17 וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 17 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355983|Translit=ṿa
17 תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה נשׂא VERB verb Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 conj _ Gloss=lift|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355984|Translit=tiśeʼnah
18-19 קֹולָ֖ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18 קֹולָ֖ קול NOUN subs Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 obj _ Gloss=sound|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355985|Translit=ḳola
19 ן הן PRON prn Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Ref=RUT_1.9|Translit=n
20-21 וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20 וַ ו CCONJ conj _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355986|Translit=ṿa
21 תִּבְכֶּֽינָה בכה VERB verb Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PAAL|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 conj _ Gloss=weep|Ref=RUT_1.9|Ref[BHSA]=355987|Translit=tivkenah
22 ׃ ׃ PUNCT punct _ 1 punct _ Ref=RUT_1.9
יתן יהוה לכם ומצאן מנוחה אשה בית אישה ותשק להן ותשאנה קולן ותבכינה׃
yiten yehṿah lakhem umtseʼna menuḥah ʼishah bet ʼishah ṿatishaḳ lahen ṿatiśeʼnah ḳolan ṿativkenah
“May The LORD give to you and may you find a resting place, each in the house of her husband.” And they lifted up their voices and wept.
parataxis in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gsw] [hbo] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [ky] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [ssp] [sv] [tr] [u] [xcl] [yue] [zh]