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case: case marking

The case relation is used for any preposition in English. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages. In English, subordinating conjunctions introducing clauses are often in the form of prepositions. However, they are given a different dependency: The relation mark is used for markers in an “extended clausal projection”.

The case relation is also used for the possessive clitic ‘s in English, which we separate from what it modifies, because it acts as a phrasal clitic, as shown in the last example.

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I saw a cat in a hat
case(hat, in)
{
    "text": "I saw a cat in a hat ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 12, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 15, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 17, 20 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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I saw a cat with a telescope
case(telescope, with)
{
    "text": "I saw a cat with a telescope ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 2, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 7 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 8, 11 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 12, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T6", "token", [ [ 17, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 19, 28 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

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He is responsible for meals
case(meals, for)
{
    "text": "He is responsible for meals ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 6, 17 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 18, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 22, 27 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

The school 's grounds
case(school, 's)

The head of school 's speech
case(head, 's)
case(school, of)
nmod(speech, head)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_English)

This relation is universal.

21439 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as case.

20541 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 2.03960072764588.

The following 56 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: NOUN-ADP (13829; 65% instances), PROPN-ADP (3924; 18% instances), PRON-ADP (1131; 5% instances), PROPN-PART (557; 3% instances), NUM-ADP (458; 2% instances), NOUN-PART (277; 1% instances), ADJ-ADP (244; 1% instances), NOUN-VERB (178; 1% instances), DET-ADP (172; 1% instances), ADV-ADP (114; 1% instances), NUM-SYM (84; 0% instances), ADV-ADV (82; 0% instances), SYM-ADP (77; 0% instances), PRON-SCONJ (65; 0% instances), X-ADP (44; 0% instances), PROPN-VERB (31; 0% instances), NOUN-SYM (26; 0% instances), NOUN-ADV (22; 0% instances), NOUN-ADJ (21; 0% instances), PROPN-ADJ (15; 0% instances), NOUN-SCONJ (11; 0% instances), ADV-SCONJ (7; 0% instances), ADJ-SCONJ (6; 0% instances), NOUN-NOUN (4; 0% instances), NOUN-X (4; 0% instances), NUM-ADV (4; 0% instances), NUM-PUNCT (4; 0% instances), PRON-PART (4; 0% instances), PRON-VERB (4; 0% instances), NUM-ADJ (3; 0% instances), PROPN-ADV (3; 0% instances), PROPN-SYM (3; 0% instances), SYM-SYM (3; 0% instances), ADP-ADP (2; 0% instances), INTJ-ADP (2; 0% instances), NOUN-PUNCT (2; 0% instances), NUM-NUM (2; 0% instances), PROPN-SCONJ (2; 0% instances), ADJ-ADJ (1; 0% instances), ADJ-ADV (1; 0% instances), ADJ-PART (1; 0% instances), ADJ-SYM (1; 0% instances), CONJ-ADP (1; 0% instances), DET-SCONJ (1; 0% instances), DET-VERB (1; 0% instances), NOUN-CONJ (1; 0% instances), NOUN-DET (1; 0% instances), NOUN-PRON (1; 0% instances), NOUN-PROPN (1; 0% instances), NUM-NOUN (1; 0% instances), NUM-PART (1; 0% instances), PRON-ADJ (1; 0% instances), PROPN-INTJ (1; 0% instances), PROPN-PROPN (1; 0% instances), VERB-ADP (1; 0% instances), X-X (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 5 case	color:blue
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	troops	troops	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fired	fire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	hostile	hostile	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
10	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	advcl	_	_
11	4	4	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	10	dobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3	fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 1 case	color:blue
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	AP	AP	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 7 6 case	color:blue
1	max	max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CONJ	CC	_	1	cc	_	_
3	jen	jen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_

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case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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