case: case marking
The case relation is used for any preposition in English. Prepositions are treated as dependents of the noun they attach to or introduce in an “extended nominal projection”. Thus, contrary to SD, UD abandons treating a preposition as a mediator between a modified word and its object. The case relation aims at providing a uniform analysis of prepositions and case in morphologically rich languages. In English, subordinating conjunctions introducing clauses are often in the form of prepositions. However, they are given a different dependency: The relation mark is used for markers in an “extended clausal projection”.
The case relation is also used for the possessive clitic ‘s in English, which we separate from what it modifies, because it acts as a phrasal clitic, as shown in the last example.
I saw a cat in a hat
case(hat, in)
I saw a cat with a telescope
case(telescope, with)
He is responsible for meals
case(meals, for)
The school 's grounds
case(school, 's)
The head of school 's speech
case(head, 's)
case(school, of)
nmod(speech, head)
Treebank Statistics (UD_English)
This relation is universal.
21439 nodes (8%) are attached to their parents as case.
20541 instances of case (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.03960072764588.
The following 56 pairs of parts of speech are connected with case: en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADP (13829; 65% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADP (3924; 18% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADP (1131; 5% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PART (557; 3% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADP (458; 2% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PART (277; 1% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADP (244; 1% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/VERB (178; 1% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/ADP (172; 1% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADP (114; 1% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/SYM (84; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/ADV (82; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/ADP (77; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/SCONJ (65; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/ADP (44; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/VERB (31; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SYM (26; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADV (22; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/ADJ (21; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADJ (15; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/SCONJ (11; 0% instances), en-pos/ADV-en-pos/SCONJ (7; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SCONJ (6; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/NOUN (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/X (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADV (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PUNCT (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/VERB (4; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/ADJ (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/ADV (3; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/SYM-en-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), en-pos/ADP-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/INTJ-en-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PUNCT (2; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/ADJ-en-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), en-pos/CONJ-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/DET-en-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NOUN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/NUM-en-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PRON-en-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), en-pos/PROPN-en-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), en-pos/VERB-en-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), en-pos/X-en-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
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1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
2 US US PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _
3 troops troops NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _
4 fired fire VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 into into ADP IN _ 8 case _ _
6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
7 hostile hostile ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _
8 crowd crowd NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _
10 killing kill VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 4 advcl _ _
11 4 4 NUM CD NumType=Card 10 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _
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1 From from ADP IN _ 3 case _ _
2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _
3 AP AP PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
4 comes come VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 6 det _ _
6 story story NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
7 : : PUNCT : _ 4 punct _ _
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1 max max PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
2 and and CONJ CC _ 1 cc _ _
3 jen jen PROPN NNP Number=Sing 1 conj _ _
4 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _
5 looking look VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
6 for for ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 you you PRON PRP Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
case in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]