Negative: whether the word can be or is negated
In Czech, negation is mostly done using the bound morpheme ne-, and an independent negating particle (equivalent to English “not”) is rarely seen. Words that can take the morpheme of negation have the feature of negativeness.
It applies to verbs,
adjectives, sometimes also adverbs and
even nouns.
(Most nouns have just Negative=Pos;
deverbative nouns can have also Negative=Neg.)
Note that Negative=Neg is not the same thing as
PronType=Neg. For pronouns and other pronominal parts of speech
there is no such binary opposition as for verbs and adjectives. (There
is no such thing as “affirmative pronoun”.)
Pos: positive, affirmative
Examples
- přišel “he came”
- rozumný “wise”
- pěkně “nicely”
- přijetí “acceptance”
Neg: negative
Examples
- nepřišel “he did not come”
- nerozumný “unwise”
- nepěkně “nastily”
- nepřijetí “non-acceptance, rejection”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 2 different values: Neg, Pos.
833972 tokens (55%) have a non-empty value of Negative.
136505 types (106%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
53385 lemmas (92%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Negative.
The feature is used with 8 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/NOUN (372366; 25% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (173109; 11% instances), cs-pos/VERB (165619; 11% instances), cs-pos/PROPN (84031; 6% instances), cs-pos/ADV (25099; 2% instances), cs-pos/AUX (11902; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON (1102; 0% instances), cs-pos/DET (744; 0% instances).
NOUN
372366 cs-pos/NOUN tokens (100% of all NOUN tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which NOUN and Negative co-occurred: Number=Sing (259846; 70%), Animacy=EMPTY (208820; 56%).
NOUN tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(564; 0% of non-emptyNegative): nezávislost, nezávislosti, neschopnost, nemožnost, nedodržení, neznalost, nepochopení, nespokojenost, neplnění, neznalostiPos(371802; 100% of non-emptyNegative): roku, korun, let, roce, strany, procent, společnosti, době, případě, firmy
| Paradigm stát | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Case=Acc|Number=Sing | stát | |
| Case=Acc|Number=Plur | státy | |
| Case=Dat|Number=Sing | státu | |
| Case=Dat|Number=Plur | státům | |
| Case=Gen|Number=Sing | státu | |
| Case=Gen|Number=Plur | států | |
| Case=Ins|Number=Sing | státem | |
| Case=Ins|Number=Plur | státy | |
| Case=Loc|Number=Sing | státě, státu | nestátu |
| Case=Loc|Number=Plur | státech | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Sing | stát | |
| Case=Nom|Number=Plur | státy |
Negative seems to be lexical feature of NOUN. 99% lemmas (17774) occur only with one value of Negative.
ADJ
173109 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (96% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Negative co-occurred: Degree=Pos (159288; 92%), Number=Sing (115632; 67%), Animacy=EMPTY (102035; 59%).
ADJ tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(4356; 3% of non-emptyNegative): nedávné, nezbytné, necelých, nezávislých, nebezpečné, neautorizovaný, nezávislé, neznámý, nedostatečné, nemožnéPos(168753; 97% of non-emptyNegative): další, české, nové, poslední, státní, dalších, možné, vlastní, jiné, každýEMPTY(7702): první, druhé, prvním, třetí, druhý, druhou, prvních, prvního, druhá, druhém
| Paradigm český | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Abbr=Yes|Degree=Pos | Č | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českého | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | české | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českému | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českým, českých | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českého | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českým | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českými | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českém | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | český | |
| Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | čeští | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | český | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | české | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českému | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českým | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českého | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českým | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českými | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | českém | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | český | |
| Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur | české | |
| Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | českou | nečeskou |
| Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | české | |
| Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | české | |
| Case=Acc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | česká | |
| Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | české | |
| Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | českým | |
| Case=Dat|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | českému | |
| Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | české | |
| Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | českého | |
| Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | českou | |
| Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Dual | českýma | |
| Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | českými | |
| Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | českým | |
| Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | českými | |
| Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | české | |
| Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | českém | |
| Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | českých | |
| Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | česká | |
| Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur | české | |
| Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Style=Coll | český | |
| Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing | české | |
| Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur | česká | |
| Hyph=Yes | česko |
Negative seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 95% lemmas (12408) occur only with one value of Negative.
VERB
165619 cs-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Negative co-occurred: Voice=Act (129620; 78%), Gender=EMPTY (102224; 62%), Number=Sing (89629; 54%), Person=EMPTY (88944; 54%), Mood=EMPTY (88939; 54%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(14369; 9% of non-emptyNegative): není, nelze, nejsou, nemá, nemůže, nemají, nebylo, nebyl, nebude, nemusíPos(151250; 91% of non-emptyNegative): je, jsou, má, byl, být, může, bylo, řekl, měl, majíEMPTY(15): by, bych, bychom, bysem, bysme, bysom
| Paradigm být | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Abbr=Yes|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | j | |
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byli | nebyli |
| Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byly | nebyly |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Act | jsa | |
| Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Act | jsouc | |
| Aspect=Imp|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Act | jsouce | |
| Foreign=Foreign|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | bolo | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byl | nebyl |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byla | nebyla |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | bylo | nebylo |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | buď | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin | buď | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | budiž | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin | Buďme | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin | buďte | Nebuďte |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budu | nebudu |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsem | nejsem |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | si | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | nebudeš | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsi | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jest | Není |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | bude | nebude |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | je | není |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budeme | nebudeme |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsme | nejsme |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budete | nebudete |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jste | nejste |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | nésó | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budou | nebudou |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsou | nejsou |
| Style=Arch|VerbForm=Inf | býti | |
| VerbForm=Inf | být | nebýt |
PROPN
84031 cs-pos/PROPN tokens (100% of all PROPN tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which PROPN and Negative co-occurred: Abbr=EMPTY (70989; 84%), Number=Sing (63182; 75%), Gender=Masc (48949; 58%).
PROPN tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Pos(84031; 100% of non-emptyNegative): Praha, ČR, Praze, LN, ODS, USA, J, Jiří, Jan, OSN
Negative seems to be lexical feature of PROPN. 100% lemmas (15381) occur only with one value of Negative.
ADV
25099 cs-pos/ADV tokens (31% of all ADV tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADV and Negative co-occurred: Degree=Pos (20086; 80%).
ADV tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(574; 2% of non-emptyNegative): nezávisle, nedaleko, nesmírně, neúměrně, neméně, nepřímo, nesporně, nezřídka, nekonečně, neuvěřitelněPos(24525; 98% of non-emptyNegative): více, stejně, zřejmě, často, méně, spíše, dobře, později, přesto, samozřejměEMPTY(54775): tak, už, také, jak, včera, ještě, již, tedy, dnes, pak
| Paradigm málo | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Degree=Pos | málo | nemálo |
| Degree=Cmp | méně, míň | neméně |
| Degree=Sup | nejméně, nejmíň |
Negative seems to be lexical feature of ADV. 94% lemmas (1598) occur only with one value of Negative.
AUX
11902 cs-pos/AUX tokens (57% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Negative co-occurred: Voice=Act (11146; 94%), Gender=EMPTY (8650; 73%), VerbForm=Fin (7903; 66%), Mood=Ind (7893; 66%), Number=Sing (6221; 52%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(796; 7% of non-emptyNegative): nebude, nebudou, nebyl, nebyla, není, nebyly, nebylo, nejsou, nebudeme, nebuduPos(11106; 93% of non-emptyNegative): bude, jsem, jsme, byl, budou, byla, být, je, bylo, bylyEMPTY(8893): by, bychom, bych, byste, bys
| Paradigm být | Pos | Neg |
|---|---|---|
| Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byli | nebyli |
| Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byly | nebyly |
| Aspect=Imp|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Trans|Voice=Act | jsouce | |
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byl | nebyl |
| Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | byla | nebyla |
| Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act | bylo | nebylo |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin | budiž | |
| Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=3|Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin | budiž | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budu | nebudu |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsem | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | si | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budeš | Nebudeš |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsi | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | bude | nebude |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | je | není |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Style=Coll|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budem | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budeme | nebudeme |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsme | nejsme |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budete | nebudete |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jste | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | budou | nebudou |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act | jsou | nejsou |
| Style=Arch|VerbForm=Inf | býti | |
| VerbForm=Inf | být |
PRON
1102 cs-pos/PRON tokens (2% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Negative co-occurred: PronType=Neg (1102; 100%), Variant=EMPTY (1102; 100%), Reflex=EMPTY (1102; 100%), Person=EMPTY (1102; 100%), Number=EMPTY (1015; 92%), Gender=EMPTY (608; 55%), Case=Nom (555; 50%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(1102; 100% of non-emptyNegative): nic, nikdo, nikoho, nikomu, ničím, žádný, žádná, ničem, ničemu, žádnéEMPTY(71446): se, to, si, které, který, která, co, tím, kteří, tom
DET
744 cs-pos/DET tokens (3% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Negative.
The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Negative co-occurred: Number[psor]=EMPTY (744; 100%), PronType=Neg (744; 100%), Gender[psor]=EMPTY (744; 100%), Poss=EMPTY (744; 100%), Reflex=EMPTY (744; 100%), Person=EMPTY (744; 100%), Number=Sing (536; 72%).
DET tokens may have the following values of Negative:
Neg(744; 100% of non-emptyNegative): žádné, žádný, žádná, žádnou, žádném, žádným, žádného, žádnému, žádných, žádnýmiEMPTY(27069): jeho, jejich, své, této, její, tento, tohoto, svou, tato, těchto
Relations with Agreement in Negative
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Negative:
NOUN –[amod]–> ADJ (141092; 94%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> NOUN (111140; 100%),
VERB –[nmod]–> NOUN (53982; 94%),
VERB –[dobj]–> NOUN (52461; 92%),
VERB –[nsubj]–> NOUN (43796; 91%),
NOUN –[nmod]–> PROPN (22781; 100%),
NOUN –[conj]–> NOUN (22174; 99%),
NOUN –[acl]–> VERB (14995; 93%),
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (14062; 84%),
PROPN –[name]–> PROPN (13557; 100%).
Negative in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]