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Tense: tense

Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance.

Past: past tense

The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. Past tense in Czech consists of the past participle (also called active participle or l-participle), which is accompanied by a present auxiliary verb in the first and second persons, and stands alone in the third person.

The auxiliary (if any) is in its present form, so it will have Tense=Pres. The participle has Tense=Past, even though it can also be used to form present conditional.

Examples

• Šel jsem domů.  “I have gone home.”
• Šel jsi domů.  “You have gone home.”
• Šel domů.  “He has gone home.”

Pres: present tense

The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.

Note that morphologically present forms of perfective verbs have actually a future meaning but they will still be marked Tense=Pres.

Examples

• Přicházím domů.  “I come / am coming home.” (Přicházet  is an imperfective verb.)
• Přijdu domů.  “I will come home.” (Přijít  is a perfective verb.)
• Jdu domů.  “I go / am going home.” (Jít  is an imperfective verb.)

Fut: future tense

The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment. Future tense in Czech is formed in one of three ways, depending of the verb:

• Present forms of perfective verbs have future meaning. These forms are tagged Tense=Pres, not Tense=Fut (see above).
• The verb být  “to be” has a set of distinct future forms. They combine a future stem bud  with present suffixes. A small set of verbs (mostly motion verbs) have also future forms. These are formed as the present form (present stem and suffix) with the prefix po-. Although these forms are morphologically very close to the present forms, they are tagged Tense=Fut because the same lemma has also present forms and the feature must distinguish the two.
• The remaining imperfective verbs have periphrastic future forms, consiting of the future form of the auxiliary být,  and the infinitive of the content verb. Only the auxiliary will have Tense=Fut, while there will be no tense information at the infinitive.

Examples

• Půjdu domů.  “I will go home.” (Jít  is an imperfective verb, phonological rule transformed the prefix po- to pů-.)
• Budu přicházet domů.  “I will be coming home.” (Přicházet  is an imperfective verb and it forms future periphrastically.)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 3 different values: Fut, Past, Pres.

145264 tokens (10%) have a non-empty value of Tense. 21499 types (17%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. 6013 lemmas (10%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: cs-pos/VERB (129620; 9% instances), cs-pos/AUX (11146; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ (4498; 0% instances).

VERB

129620 cs-pos/VERB tokens (78% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Voice=Act (129620; 100%), Negative=Pos (115644; 89%), Number=Sing (84562; 65%), Gender=EMPTY (75751; 58%), VerbForm=Fin (75729; 58%), Mood=Ind (75729; 58%), Person=3 (68131; 53%), Aspect=EMPTY (65264; 50%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Fut (1558; 1% of non-empty Tense): bude, budou, nebude, půjde, nebudou, nepůjde, budeme, pojede, půjdou, budu
• Past (53733; 41% of non-empty Tense): byl, bylo, řekl, měl, byla, měla, uvedl, měli, mělo, byly
• Pres (74329; 57% of non-empty Tense): je, jsou, má, není, může, mají, musí, jde, lze, mohou
• EMPTY (36014): být, mít, získat, stát, hrát, říci, platit, muset, dělat, dostat

Paradigm být	Past	Pres	Fut
Abbr=Yes|Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		j
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	nebyli
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	byli
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	nebyly
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	byly
Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Trans		jsa
Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Trans		jsouc
Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Trans		jsouce
Foreign=Foreign|Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	bolo
Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebyl
Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	byl
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebyla
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Part	byla
Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebylo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	bylo
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		nejsem	nebudu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin			nebudeš
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin		Není
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		není	nebude
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		nejsme	nebudeme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin		nejste	nebudete
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin		nésó
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		nejsou	nebudou
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		jsem	budu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Fin		si
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin		jsi
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin		jest
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		je	bude
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		jsme	budeme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin		jste	budete
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		jsou	budou

AUX

11146 cs-pos/AUX tokens (54% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Voice=Act (11146; 100%), Negative=Pos (10350; 93%), Gender=EMPTY (7894; 71%), VerbForm=Fin (7893; 71%), Mood=Ind (7893; 71%), Number=Sing (6212; 56%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Fut (3550; 32% of non-empty Tense): bude, budou, nebude, budeme, nebudou, budu, nebudeme, budete, nebudu, nebudete
• Past (3252; 29% of non-empty Tense): byl, byla, bylo, byly, byli, nebyl, nebyla, nebyly, nebylo, nebyli
• Pres (4344; 39% of non-empty Tense): jsem, jsme, je, jsou, jste, není, nejsou, bývá, bývají, jsi
• EMPTY (9649): by, být, bychom, bych, byste, budiž, bys, býti

Paradigm být	Past	Pres	Fut
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	nebyli
Animacy=Anim|Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	byli
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	nebyly
Animacy=Inan|Gender=Fem,Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Part	byly
Aspect=Imp|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|VerbForm=Trans		jsouce
Gender=Masc|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebyl
Gender=Masc|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	byl
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebyla
Gender=Fem,Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur,Sing|VerbForm=Part	byla
Gender=Neut|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	nebylo
Gender=Neut|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part	bylo
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin			nebudu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin			Nebudeš
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		není	nebude
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		nejsme	nebudeme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin			nebudete
Mood=Ind|Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		nejsou	nebudou
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		jsem	budu
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Fin		si
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin		jsi	budeš
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		je	bude
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|Style=Coll|VerbForm=Fin			budem
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin		jsme	budeme
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin		jste	budete
Mood=Ind|Negative=Pos|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin		jsou	budou

ADJ

4498 cs-pos/ADJ tokens (2% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and Tense co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (4498; 100%), Negative=Pos (4367; 97%), Number=Sing (2627; 58%), Gender=Masc (2336; 52%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Past (17; 0% of non-empty Tense): odstoupivšího, byvší, doloživší, nastavší, ocitnuvšího, odstoupivších, provinivšího, předčivší, přeživšího, vyskytnuvší
• Pres (4481; 100% of non-empty Tense): rozhodující, vedoucí, následující, vynikající, týkající, odpovídající, rostoucí, žijící, kupující, následujících
• EMPTY (176313): první, další, české, nové, druhé, poslední, státní, dalších, možné, vlastní

Tense seems to be lexical feature of ADJ. 100% lemmas (940) occur only with one value of Tense.

Relations with Agreement in Tense

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (10828; 73%), VERB –[advcl]–> VERB (3767; 57%), VERB –[appos]–> VERB (126; 70%).

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Tense in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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